Documenting Sources: APA
APA style was set up by American Psychological Association. It includes parenthetical references (in-text citations) and the reference list (a reference page).
Parenthetical references (in-text citations) are inserted in texts to indicate where and how the information summarized, paraphrased, or quoted directly from a source is used. It enables the reader to identify clearly what information is from the writer himself and which comes from the sources.
A references page is created so the reader can locate all thesis sources if he or she desires to pursue the subject in greater depth.
I. Parenthetical References (in-text citations) 1. The definition
The APA citation is called parenthetical because the required citation elements (the last name of the author(s) and the publication year) are enclosed in parentheses. It also requires your inserting page numbers if the citation is a direct quote.
2. The four functions
a. Signal that the information presented in specific locations is from sources rather than the writer;
b. Show how and where that information is used;
c. Serve as a link to the reference entry where the original source for additional and more complete information can be checked;
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d. Help the reader identify where the paraphrased or summarized information ends. 3. Relationship of parenthetical reference and reference list
The full citation for each parenthetical reference must be documented in the reference list at the end of the thesis.
The reference list at the end of the paper provides complete citations to all of the sources referred to in the body of the paper, listed in alphabetical order by author’s last name.
Page numbers of specific quotations are included in the parenthetical reference, not on the reference page.
4. The rules for parenthetical reference
In-text citation is located at the point where each borrowed information ends. The punctuation mark of the sentence should be placed after the closing parenthesis, not before it, unless the citation follows a long quotation.
The Jeep was rapidly overtaken by the T-Rex in the movie Jurassic Park (Parker 1994). The Jeep was rapidly overtaken by the T-Rex in the movie Jurassic Park. (Parker 1994) In the second sentence, the closing period stands wrongly before the parentheses. 4.1 Rules for the author element
a. List an author’s surname only: (Carter, 2000). Do not add any titles (such as MD) or suffixes (such as Jr.).
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b. If the source has two authors, list both the authors’ surnames in every citation. (Stein & Johnston, 1999) or (Stein & Johnston, 1999, p. 429)
c. If the source has three, four, or five authors, list all surnames in the first citation and follow all the names but the last one with a comma and put an ampersand before the last surname. In subsequent citations, list only the first author’s surname followed by a comma and the words “et al.”.
(Gifford, Sasaki, & Lewis, 1994) [1st citation] (Gifford, et al., 1994) [2nd citation]
d. If a source has more than six authors, cite the first author’s surname only. Follow the name with a comma, and replace the remaining authors’ names with the words “et al.” as shown in the following example.
(Jones, et al., 1995) [1st citation]
e. If references published in the same year start with the same author and have more than four authors, give the first author’s surname and the surnames of as many of the subsequent authors as are needed to distinguish the sources.
For example, if the source’s authors were Smith, Petersen, Riley, Johnson, Martin, & Jones, the citation would shorten to (Smith, et al., 1999). If, however, there is another multiple-author entry, say Smith, Petersen, Jones, Barker, & Anders, which would also shorten to (Smith, et al., 1999), then you should add names to each citation until they are distinguishable from each other.
(Smith, Petersen, & Riley, et al., 1999)
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(Smith, Petersen, & Jones, et al., 1999)
f. If two or more different authors from the reference list have the same surname, and the dates are the same, distinguish them from one another by adding their individual initials to the entry.
(Carter, J., 1995) (Carter, R., 1995)
g. If two authors with the same surname appear in the same citation, place them in the same alphabetical order as they appear on the references page as follows:
(Carter, J., 1996; Carter, R., 1998)
h. Spell out all words of a corporate author name citation (organizations, groups, and companies are all considered corporate authors), unless a common, well understood abbreviation (acronym) exists for it and the reader will have no difficulty relating the name’s abbreviated form to the full name on the References page. The first citation, however, must spell out the entire name, followed by the abbreviated form in brackets as shown in the following example:
(The National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA], 1997)
Use all capital letters for the acronym (NASA), and do not separate the letters with periods. You may eliminate the fully spelled-out name and use the acronym without brackets in subsequent citations: (NASA, 1997).
i. If no author is named for the source, use the title of the work instead of the author, followed by the date. Use only the first two or three words in the textual citation, which are usually sufficient to distinguish the source from other sources on the References page. On
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the References page, print the entire title as the first element of an entry and alphabetize it by the first significant word.
Use double quotation marks to enclose a segment’s title (chapter or article titles). If the entire article’s title is “Findings Indicate Possible Sabotage,” write the citation like this:
(“Findings Indicate,” 1996, p. 32)
If the book title is Technical Writing for the 21th Century, write the citation like this: (Technical Writing, 1992, p. 455)
j. If you cite two or more works by the same author in the same place, present them in the same order that they appear on the reference list. State the author’s last name only once in the citation. Then list the publication dates afterward, earliest date first, separated by commas, as follows:
(Smith, 1993, 1994, 1996)
k. Denote different works that have the same author(s) and publication year by the suffixes a, b, c, after the year, which is repeated once for each source.
Assign the suffix order on the reference list alphabetically by title. Use the same lowercase alphabetic letter in the textual citation, and separate the dates with commas.
(Smith, 1993a, 1993b)
l. List two or more works by different authors that appear in a single set of parentheses in alphabetical order by surnames or titles. Provide the date for each, and separate them with semicolons.
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(Carter, 1983; Jones, 1988; Technical Communication, 1982) 4.2 Rules for the date element
a. List the same data that appears in the reference entry, but do not include months and days. Separate the date and the author’s surname with a comma.
(Hilgenndorf, 1998)
b. If no publication date is available, place n.d. in the date position (Petrie, n.d.).
4.3 Rules for the Page(s) Information
a. The APA format requires you to provide page numbers only for direct quotes. b. Separate page numbers from the date with a comma, and place the abbreviation p. for page and pp. for pages, and a space before the number(s)
(Farakh, 2000, pp. 12-17)
c. If the information cited comes from more than one page in the source and those pages are not continuous, list all the pages and separate them from the other pages with commas.
(Echohawk, 1998, pp. 12-17, 94, 110) 4.4 Additional rules
a. If you mention the author(s) name in the text, you do not need to repeat it in the
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citation but only the publication year.
One can find an abundance of writing books about rules and principles to follow concerning good sentence construction and word choice. Wolcott (2001), for example, talks about honing editorial skills to eliminate unnecessary words, delete the passive voice, scale down qualifiers, eliminate overused phrases, and reduce excessive quotations, use of italics, and parenthetical comments.
b. If there is a direct quote in this situation, you also need to list the page number(s). Pirsig, the well-known metaphysicist, notes in his ground-breaking study of maintenance records that “...” (1994, p. 234).
c. If the information is not from the original writer but from a citer or citers, you need to list both the original writer and the citer(s) and place “cite in” before the citer(s).
At school, children and adolescents often seem to be required to study algebra, or Roman history, or English, only because these subjects are on the official curriculum and there are tests to pass. According to Wei (2007, p. 24) that this “can have a very negative effect on the learners’ attitude towards these subjects” (cited in Liu & An, 2009, p. 321). The clear definition of appropriate goals is vital to successful English language teaching and learning.
d. If the information you want to use and its writer are both in Chinese, signal only the writer element in parenthesis in Chinese (Chinese characters). Here is an example:
Some scholars think that “Chinese children aged from 4 to 11 are not superior to adults in English listening comprehension” (文秋芳, 2003).
II. Reference List
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1. Definition of the reference list
As an essential part of your paper, the reference list not only documents your paper, but also provides the readers with information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. References should be chosen prudently and only those sources that were used in the research and cited in your paper can be listed.
Reference-page entries consist of four basic elements: author, year of publication, title, and publishing data.
2. Reference-page format 2.1 Arrangement of Entries
Every source cited in the report must appear on the reference page. The first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines should be indented one-half inch.
2.2 Acceptable Abbreviations chap. chapter ed. Edition Rev. ed. revised edition 2th ed. second edition Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) Trans. Translator(s)
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n.d. no date p. (pp.) page (pages) Vol. Volume Vols. Volumes No. Number Pt. Part
Tech. Rep. . Technical Report Suppl. Supplement 3. Order of References in the Reference List 3.1 Alphabetical Entries
Alphabetize reference list entries according to the first word of each entry. You may use one of three elements:
a. The last name of the author, editor, producer (or the first listed author or editor if there are two or more).
b. The first major word (not A, An, The) in the name of a company, institution, organization, or association (works with group authors).
c. The reference source title (if no author is named), including articles, book titles, or
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brochure titles, but not names of journals or magazines.
d. If some entries are in Chinese, follow them the last English entry. You have to work out the Pinyin forms of their writer elements first, and then alphabetize them within the group.
You need to keep the elements such as the writer, the title of the article and the book, the name of the magazine and the journal, the location and the name of the publisher in the Chinese characters without any modification (in boldface or italics), but you have to change elements such as the date or year, volume number, issue number, and page number, and punctuations (including space) in English.
3.2 Alphabetizing letter by letter
a. Each letter that follows the first letter in author’s or editors’ names or in article titles determines alphabetical order when separate entries begin with the same first letter: Absorb comes before Abstract.
b. Alphabetize M’, Mc, Mac as they are spelled, not as they sound.
c. Alphabetize numbers as if they were spelled out (5 would be alphabetized under F). 3.3 Alphabetizing by author
a. Follow the rule \"nothing precedes something\" in listing one work by a single author, and then another work by that author and other authors.
b. Alphabetize different first authors who have the same last name by their initials: Smith, A. E. comes before Smith, P
c. Alphabetize sources authored by groups (agencies, corporations, institutions, associations) according to the first significant word in the group name.
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Spell out the full name (The American Medical Association) instead of using acronyms (AMA) or abbreviations (U.S. Dept. of the Int.). Place the parent body before its subdivision: Harvard University, Department of Science.
d. If you cite two or more entries by the same author, place the earlier date first. For example, the author’s work published in 2000 would come before that published in 2008, regardless of the title.
e. If two or more entries by the same author were published in the same year, alphabetize the sources by the first major word in the title, and place a lowercase a, b, or c immediately following the year’s last digit (no space). For example, if the same author published two works in 2000, alphabetize the entries according to title, listing the first date as 2000a and the second as 2000b. (You should use the 2000a and 2000b format in your in-text parenthetical references for clear identification).
f. Use the word anonymous as an author’s name only if the work identifies its author as anonymous. If no author is named, move the source’s title to the author position, and alphabetize the entry by the first significant word in the title. Use the exact title as it appears in the source. For example, alphabetize The History of England by H.
4. Elements of the Entry in APA Style 4.1 Rules for the Author Element
a. For a single-author entry, list the last name, plus a comma and as many initials as there are names listed in the source. For example, if the author’s listed name is Lelani Kali On Casil, use Casil, L. K. O. in the entry.
b. For two or more authors, separate each author’s name from the next with a comma. Place an ampersand (&) before the last author: Xavier, P., Xavier, C., Thomas, F., & Ng, J. T.
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c. Name all the authors if there are no more than six authors. Use et al. after the sixth author to indicate the remaining authors of the article if there are more than six authors: Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandier, L. N., Tein, J., Coastsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al.
d. If the author’s name is hyphenated, present it as it appears in the source (Helmet-Lewis, K.).
e. Do not include an author’s titles or credentials, such as PhD, MD.
f. Place a period at the end of the author element. If the entry ends with author’s initial, the period following the initial will serve to end the entry: Jones, P.
4.2 Rules for the Date Element
a. Put the date element in parentheses followed by a period: (2000).
b. Place n. d. in the date position if there is no date information of the source.
c. For non-periodical (books, non-print media), list the work’s copyright date. If the source has not been published, list the year it was produced.
d. For scholarly journals, list only the publication year. However, if the journal does not use volume numbers, add the month or season (2000, January) or (2000, Winter).
e. For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, list the year, month, and if applicable, the day. Do not separate the month and day with a comma: (2000, January 1). Do not list periodical issue numbers when the month, or month and day, are part of the date element.
f. Spell out the entire names of months: January, not Jan.
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g. If the work was reprinted but not published as a new edition, list the first publication date, not the date of the latest reprint. The first publication date will usually be the copyright date, identified with a circled c: ©.
4.3 Rules for the Title Element 4.3.1 Article and Non-periodical Titles
a. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in a title or a sub-title (a sub-title is a portion of a title which follows a colon).
b. Set all the other words in titles in lower-case letters except any words which normally would be capitalized or any word which follows a colon. For example, the title of a journal article would look like this:
The cognitive paradigm: A new perspective. Journal of Higher Education, ... The name of a book would look like this: Dictionary of scientific literacy.
c. Major words in titles of non-periodicals (books, edited collections, brochures, technical reports, theses and dissertations, audiovisual and electronic media) are not capitalized unless they are proper names. For example, in the title, The new encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica is capitalized because it refers to a nation.
4.3.2 Journal, Magazine, Newsletter, and Newspapers
Capitalize the first word and all major words (four or more letters long) in names of scholarly journals, magazines, newsletters, and newspapers:
Journal of Experimental Psychology 13
U.S. News and World Report The Washington Post
4.3.3 Specific Rules for Formatting Titles
You should neither italicize titles of magazine/journal articles, book chapters or reference book entries which appear on the reference page, nor should you set these titles in quotation marks. You should italicize names of entire work such as books, magazines, journals, and videos listed on the reference page. Be sure to italicize any period or comma that immediately follows the italicized title.
Author. (Date). Title of article. Name of the journal, ... Author. (Date). Title of the book.
a. Capitalize the first letter of any word which follows a colon because it usually begins a subtitle.
b. Do not boldface titles.
c. Do not place quotation marks around titles, unless the quotation marks are part of the title.
d. Place the title section’s period outside (after) any parentheses or brackets: Dictionary of Scientific Literacy (2nd ed.).
e. Enclose nonroutine information that is important for identification and retrieval in brackets immediately after the article title. Following are some of the common notations that
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help identify works:
Notation Example
[Special issue] The science of classification [Special issue]
[Monograph] The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults
[Monograph]
[Abstract] MAP-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of rodent cortex and hippocampus is altered by Pavlovian conditioning [Abstract]
[Brochure] The 1999 Mustangs [Brochure]
[Motion picture] You can count on me [Motion picture]
[Computer software] The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) [Computer software]
f. Use Arabic numerals rather than roman numerals in all reference entries unless roman numerals are used in the source’s title.
g. Extend an entry to the unjustified right margin, but avoid dividing words. You may split parts of the entry, such as titles, logically. Use common sense in deciding where to permit splits.
4.4 Rules for Publishing Data
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Publishing data refers to volume, issue, and page numbers of a periodical, or publisher’s location and name for a non-periodical.
4.4.1 Rules for Periodicals
Periodical refers to the journal, magazine, newspaper, or newsletter that is published at regular intervals (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually).
Periodicals present volume, issue, and page numbers for publication information in their reference entries.
4.4.1.1 Volume Number
The volume number follows the periodical title. Italicize the volume number. Name of the Periodical, volume #, ... If the periodical does not give a volume number, you should add the month or the season of year to the year: (2000, Winter) or (2000, January).
4.4.1.2 Issue Number
Provide issue numbers only for scholarly journals since the date elements of other periodicals includes a month, month and day, or season of the year, which is sufficient to identify which part of the entire volume contains the article being references. Enclose the issue number in parentheses, and place it next to the volume number without a space between them; set the comma after. Do not italicize the issue number, the parentheses, and the comma which follows them.
Name of the Periodical, volume #(issue #), ... 16
American Geographical Journal, 35(6), …
4.4.1.3 Issue Number
a. Page numbers follow the comma after the volume number or the volume and the issue numbers. No p. or pp. abbreviation is used, unless the source being referenced is a newspaper.
Name of the Periodical, 35, 347. Name of the Newspaper, p. A4. b. When the article carries past a single page, place a dash to separate the first and last page numbers if they are continuous:
Name of the Periodical, 35, 349-367.
c. If the article appears on discontinuous pages, separate the page numbers with commas:
Name of the periodical, 35, 349-367, 371, 379.
4.4.2 Rules for books and other non-periodicals
Non-periodicals refer to works like books, brochures, reference works, or computer programs which are published whenever they are ready to be published. They are not published at regular intervals. They contain information that is generally less current than that contained in periodicals.
In addition to all the rules for authors, dates, and titles given earlier, non-periodicals
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have some rules about the facts of publication, works with editors, and editions other than the first which need to be illustrated.
4.4.2.1 Publishers’ Locations and Names
a. The location for publishers includes the city (and state for U.S.) publishers. Cambridge, MA: Rider Press.
London, England: Oxford University Press.
b. Present the publisher’s name using just enough words to identify who published the source. List the complete name of groups (organizations, universities, businesses), but omit words which do not add useful information, such as Publisher, Co., Inc. Include Books and Press.
c. If more than one publishing location is given for a source, use the first location named for the entry.
d. In cases where no place or no publisher information is available, use the abbreviation N. p. for both the place and the publishers:
Multiplexing microchips [Brochure]. N. p.: N. p.
4.4.2.2 Works with Editors
a. In an entry for an edited book, place the editors’ names in the author position, and enclose the abbreviation Ed. or Eds. in parentheses after the last editor’s name:
Kaufmann, P. D. Q. (Ed.)
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Ruiz, P. D. Q., & Wong, J. (Eds.)
b. In an entry for an edited collection of articles, where an author is named for the articles and an editors is listed for the collection, use inverted name order for the author and regular name order (initials, last name) for the editor. Place an “In” before the editor. If the book has no editor, place the word “In” before the book title:
Smutz, J. T. (1996). Title of the article. In K. R. D. Thomas (Ed.), Title of the collection 4.4.2.3 Works other than the first edition
All editions are assumed to be first editions unless the entry indicates otherwise. If the work is an edition other than the first, identify the edition in your entry by number (2nd ed., 3rd ed.), by name (Rev. ed., for “Revised edition”; Abr. ed. for “Abridged edition”), or by year (1999 ed.) as the title page indicates. Place the specification of edition after the title of the non-periodical. Do not place any punctuation between the end of the title and the opening parentheses of the edition element.
Last Name, Initials. (1995). Title of the work (2nd ed.) III. Sample entries for periodicals 1. Journal Article
1.1 Paginated by Volume Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, volume #, page #s.
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Sample:
Abrams, B. J., & Brown, S. F. (1994). British artifacts. Journal of Archaeology, 2, 435-456. 1.2 Paginated by Issue Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, volume # (issue #), page #s.
Sample:
Tietjen, M. (2000). Spelling and punctuation. College English, 67(4), 12-20. 1.3 Entire Issue or Special Section of a Journal Basic Elements:
Last Name of Editor, Initials (Ed.). (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, volume # (issue #).
Sample:
Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100 (3).
2. Magazine or Newsletter Article Basic Elements:
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Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month day). Title of the article. Name of the Magazine/Newsletter, volume #, page.
Sample:
Sweetman, B. (1999, April 14). Arachnids on patrol. The Utne Reader, 13, 54-57. 3. Newspaper Article 3.1 Named Author Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month day). Title of the article. Name of Newspaper, p. #. Page numbers for newspaper articles require a p. for “page” or pp. for “pages.” Sample:
Anderson, C. (1998, April 9). Drug wars continue. The Washington Post, pp. A1. A2, A5. 3.2 Newspaper Article, Unnamed Author Basic Elements:
Title of the article. (Year, Month day). Name of Newspaper, p. #. Sample:
The next elections. (2000, March 29). The Times [New London, CT], p. B3.
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4. Journal Supplement Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, volume # (Suppl. #), page #s.
Sample:
Regier, A. A., Narrow, W. E., & Rae, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3-14.
Place the supplement number in parentheses immediately after the volume number. 5. Non-English Journal Article
If the original version of a non-English article is used as the source, cite the original version. Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation. Use diacritical marks and capital letters for non-English words as done in the original language. Here is an example:
Ising, M. (2001). Intersitätsabhängigkeit evozierter Potenzial in EEG: Sind impulsive Personen Augmenter oder Reducer? [Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials: Are impulsive individual augmenters or reducers?] Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Oiagnostische Psychologle, 21, 208-217.
6. English Translation of a Journal Article
If the English translation of a non-English article is used as the source, cite the English translation. Give the English title without brackets. Here is an example:
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Stutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231. 7. Unpublished Paper Presented at a Meeting Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials (Year, Month). Title of the paper. Paper presented at the meeting of..., City, State or Country.
Sample:
Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on
the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.
8. Unpublished Doctorial Dissertations and Master’s Theses 8.1 Unpublished Doctorial Dissertations Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the dissertation. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, Name of University, Location.
Sample:
Wilfley, D. E. (19). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.
8.2 Unpublished Master’s Thesis
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Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the thesis. Unpublished master’s thesis, Name of University, City, State or Province, Country.
Sample:
Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work. Consequences for father’s stress and father-child relations. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of
Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
IV. Sample Entries for Non-Periodicals 1. Book Basic Elements:
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the book. City, State: Publisher. Sample:
Alfred, H. (1997). Rates, lice and disease. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. 1.1 Books Other than the First Edition
Take the book of a revised edition as an example, place the abbreviation Rev, in front of the abbreviation ed. and enclose both Rev, and ed. in parentheses.
Basic Elements:
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Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the work (Rev, ed.). City, State: Publisher. Sample:
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
1.2 Edited Book (Entire Work) Basic Elements:
Editor’s Last Name, Initials (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book. City, State: Publisher. Sample:
Muhlestein, Y., & Smith, P. (Eds.). (1997). Speculation and inquiry into physical anomalies. New York: Grey Press.
1.3 Non-English Book
If the original version of a non-English book is used as the source, cite the original version. Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation.
Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year). Original title [English translation of the original title]. City, State: Publisher.
Sample:
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Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de I’idée de hasard chez I’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Press Universitaries de France.
1.4 English Translation of a non-English Book
If the English translation of a non-English book is used as the source, cite the English translation. Give the English title without brackets. List the publication date of the original book in parentheses at the end of the entry.
Basic Elements:
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year). English title (Translator’s Last Name, Initials, Trans). City, State: Publisher. (Original work published Year)
Sample:
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
2. Article
2.1 Article in an Edited Book Basic Elements:
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of the Article. In editor’s Initials Last Name (Eds.), Title of the book (pp. #s). City, State: Publisher.
Sample:
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Sasoto, K. (1995). The role of women in academia. In T. Hansen, & C. J. W. Ainge (Eds.),
Gender diversity (pp. 12-26). New York: McGraw-Hill.
2.2 Article in a Reference Book
2.2.1 Author of an Individual Entry Is Named Basic Elements:
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of article. In Editor’s Initials Last Name (Ed.),
Title of the reference book (Vol. #, pp. #s). City, State: Publisher.
Sample:
Mandario, R. J. (1994). Lice, fleas, and ticks. In P. C. Mattei (Ed.), Encyclopedia of insect life (Vol. 4, pp. 501-511). New York: Grolier.
Encyclopedia of insect life (3rd ed.) (Vol. 4, pp. 501-511) 2.2.2 No Author Named for the Entry Basic Elements:
Title of article. (Year). In Title of the reference book (Vol. #, pp. #s). City, State: Publisher. Sample:
Household pets. (1994). In Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 15, pp. 237-238). London: Kegan Paul.
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V. Electronic Sources
Electronic sources include aggregated databases, online journals, Websites or Web pages, newsgroup, Web- or e-mail-based discussion groups, and Web- or e-mail-based newsletters. Electronic sources are not as fixed and stable as their print counterparts. References to electronic works therefore must provide more information than print citations generally offer.
A reference of an Internet source should provide at least a document title or description, a date (either the date of publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an address (in Internet terms, a uniform resource locator, or URL). Whenever possible, present the authors of a document as well. The URL is the most important element. If a URL must be divided between two lines in your references, break it after a slash or before a period, and do not introduce a hyphen at the break.
1. Internet Articles Based on a Print Source Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials (Year). Title of the article [Electronic version]. Name of the journal, volume #, page #s. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL
Sample:
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Dow, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html
2. Article in an Internet-Only Journal Basic Elements:
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Last Name, Initials (Year, Month day). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, volume #, Article #. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL
Sample:
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/ volume3/pre0030001a.html.
3. Article in an lnternet-Only Newsletter or Newspaper Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials (Year, Month day). Title of the article. Name of the Newsletter or Newspaper, volume # (issue #). Retrieved Month day, year, from URL
Sample:
Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxter, J., Kain, J., Vogelgesang, S., Hudson, M., et al. (1998, July). Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy. Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved June 6, 2000, from http://www, telehealth.net/subscribe/newslettr_4a.html#1
4. Multipage Document Created by Private Organization, no Date
If an Internet document comprises multiple pages, provide a URL that links to the home page for the document. Use n.d. if a publication date is not available.
Basic Elements:
Name of the Organization Year. Title of the article (n.d.). Name of the document.
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Retrieved Month day, year, from URL
Sample:
Great New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issue (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http://www.familymeanltime.org.
5. Document Available on University Program or Department Web Site
If a document is contained with a large and complex Web site such as that for a university or a government agency, identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Place a colon before the URL.
Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials (Year). Name of the document. Retrieved Month day, year, from Name of University, Name of Department or Institute Web site: URL
Sample:
Chou, L., MacClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved
August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.olt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwinel.html
6. U.S. Government Report Available on Government Agency Web Site, No Publication Date
Basic Elements:
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Name of Government Agency. (n.d.). Title of report. Retrieved Month day, Year, from Name of Government Agency Web site: URL
Sample:
United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm
7. Daily Newspaper Article, Electronic Version Available by Search Basic Elements:
Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper. Retrieved Month day, Year, from URL.
Sample:
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com.
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