StandardTestMethodfor
FluorescentLiquidPenetrantExaminationUsingtheHydrophilicPost-EmulsificationProcess1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1210;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.
1.Scope
1.1Thistestmethodcoversproceduresforfluorescentpenetrantexaminationutilizingthehydrophilicpost-emulsificationprocess.Itisanondestructivetestingmethodfordetectingdiscontinuitiesthatareopentothesurfacesuchascracks,seams,laps,coldshuts,laminations,isolatedporosity,throughleaks,orlackoffusionandisapplicabletoin-process,final,andmaintenanceexamination.Itcanbeeffectivelyusedintheexaminationofnonporous,metallicmaterials,bothferrousandnonferrous,andofnonmetallicmaterialssuchasglazedorfullydensifiedceramicsandcertainnonporousplasticsandglass.
1.2Thistestmethodalsoprovidesareference:
1.2.1Bywhichafluorescentpenetrantexaminationhydro-philicpost-emulsificationprocessrecommendedorrequiredbyindividualorganizationscanbereviewedtoascertaintheirapplicabilityandcompleteness.
1.2.2Foruseinthepreparationofprocessspecificationsdealingwiththefluorescentpenetrantexaminationofmaterialsandpartsusingthehydrophilicpost-emulsificationprocess.Agreementbythepurchaserandthemanufacturerregardingspecifictechniquesisstronglyrecommended.
1.2.3Foruseintheorganizationofthefacilitiesandpersonnelconcernedwiththeliquidpenetrantexamination.1.3Thistestmethoddoesnotindicateorsuggeststandardsforevaluationoftheindicationsobtained.Itshouldbepointedout,however,thatindicationsmustbeinterpretedorclassifiedandthenevaluated.Forthispurposetheremustbeaseparatecodeorspecificationoraspecificagreementtodefinethetype,size,location,anddirectionofindicationsconsideredaccept-able,andthoseconsideredunacceptable.
1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.03onLiquidPenetrantandMagneticParticleMethods.
CurrenteditionapprovedJanuary1,2005.PublishedJanuary2005.Originallyapprovedin1987.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1999asE1210-99.
11.5Allareasofthistestmethodmaybeopentoagreementbetweenthecognizantengineeringorganizationandthesup-plier,orspecificdirectionfromthecognizantengineeringorganization.
2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:2D129TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(Gen-eralBombMethod)
D516TestMethodforSulfateIoninWater
D808TestMethodforChlorineinNewandUsedPetro-leumProducts(BombMethod)
D1552TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(High-TemperatureMethod)
E165TestMethodforLiquidPenetrantExamination
E433ReferencePhotographsforLiquidPenetrantInspec-tion
E543PracticeforAgenciesPerformingNondestructiveTesting
E1316TerminologyforNondestructiveExaminations2.2ASNTDocuments:
RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1APersonnelQualifica-tionandCertificationinNondestructiveTesting3ANSI/ASNT-CP-1StandardforQualificationandCerti-ficationofNondestructiveTestingPersonnel32.3MilitaryStandard:
MIL-STD-410NondestructiveTestingPersonnelQualifica-tionandCertification42.4AIAStandard:
NAS410CertificationandQualificationofNondestructiveTestingPersonnel52.5DoDContracts—Unlessotherwisespecified,theissue
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.3AvailablefromTheAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box28518,1711ArlingateLane,Columbus,OH43228-0518.4AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700RobbinsAve.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5094,Attn:NPODS.5AvailablefromtheAerospaceIndustriesAssociationofAmerica,Inc.,1250EyeSt.,N.W.,Washington,DC20005.
2Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.
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ofthedocumentsthatareDoDadoptedarethoselistedintheissueoftheDoDISS(DepartmentofDefenseIndexofSpecificationsandStandards)citedinthesolicitation.2.6OrderofPrecedence—Intheeventofconflictbetweenthistestmethodandthereferencescitedherein,thistestmethodtakesprecedence.
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions—definitionsrelatingtoliquidpenetrantex-amination,whichappearinTerminologyE1316,shallapplytothetermsusedinthistestmethod.
4.SummaryofTestMethod
4.1Apost-emulsifiable,liquid,fluorescentpenetrantisap-pliedevenlyoverthesurfacebeingtestedandallowedtoenteropendiscontinuities.Afterasuitabledwelltimeandprerinse,theexcesssurfacepenetrantisremovedbyapplyingahydro-philicemulsifierandthesurfaceisrinsedanddried.Adeveloperisthenapplieddrawingtheentrappedpenetrantoutofthediscontinuityandstainingthedeveloper.Ifanaqueousdeveloperistobeemployed,thedeveloperisappliedpriortothedryingstep.Thetestsurfaceisthenexaminedvisuallyunderblacklightinadarkenedareatodeterminethepresenceorabsenceofindications.(Warning—Fluorescentpenetrantexaminationshallnotfollowavisiblepenetrantexaminationunlesstheprocedurehasbeenqualifiedinaccordancewith9.2,becausevisibledyesmaycausedeteriorationorquenchingoffluorescentdyes.)
4.2Processingparameterssuchasprecleaning,penetrationtime,prerinsing,hydrophilicemulsifierconcentration,etc.,aredeterminedbythespecificmaterialsused,thenatureofthepartunderexamination(thatis,size,shape,surfacecondition,alloy),typeofdiscontinuitiesexpected,etc.
5.SignificanceandUse
5.1Liquidpenetrantexaminationmethodsindicatethepres-ence,location,and,toalimitedextent,thenatureandmagni-tudeofthedetecteddiscontinuities.Thistestmethodisnormallyusedforproductionexaminationofcriticalcompo-nents,wherereproducibilityisessential.Moreproceduralcontrolsandprocessingstepsarerequiredthanwithotherprocesses.
6.ReagentsandMaterials
6.1LiquidFluorescentPenetrantExaminationMaterials,foruseinthehydrophilicpost-emulsificationprocess,(seeNote1)consistofafamilyofpost-emulsifiablefluorescentpenetrant,hydrophilicremover,andappropriatedeveloperandareclassifiedasTypeIFluorescent,MethodD—Post-Emulsifiable,Hydrophilic.Intermixingofmaterialsfromvari-ousmanufacturersisnotrecommended.
NOTE1—Referto8.1forspecialrequirementsforsulfur,halogen,andalkalimetalcontent.(Warning—Whileapprovedpenetrantmaterialswillnotadverselyaffectcommonmetallicmaterials,someplasticsorrubbersmaybeswollenorstainedbycertainpenetrants.)
6.2Post-EmulsifiablePenetrantsaredesignedtobein-solubleinwaterandcannotberemovedwithwaterrinsingalone.Theyaredesignedtobeselectivelyremovedfromthe
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surfacebytheuseofaseparatehydrophilicemulsifier.Thehydrophilicemulsifier,attheproperconcentration,properlyapplied,andgivenaproperemulsificationtime,combineswiththeexcesssurfacepenetranttoformawater-washablemixture,whichcanthenberinsedfromthesurfaceleavingthesurfacefreeoffluorescentbackground.Properconcentrationandhydrophilicemulsificationtimemustbeexperimentallyestab-lishedandmaintainedtoassurethatover-emulsificationdoesnotoccur,resultinginlossofindications.
6.3HydrophilicEmulsifiersareliquidsusedtoemulsifytheexcessoilyfluorescentpenetrantonthesurfaceofthepart,renderingitwater-washable(see7.1.6).Theyarewater-baseemulsifiers(detergent-typeremovers)thataresuppliedasconcentratestobedilutedwithwaterandusedasadiporspray.Theconcentration,use,andmaintenanceshallbeinaccordancewithmanufacturer’srecommendations.
6.3.1Hydrophilicemulsifiersfunctionbydisplacingtheexcesspenetrantfilmfromthesurfaceofthepartthroughdetergentaction.Theforceofthewatersprayorair/mechanicalagitationinanopendiptankprovidesthescrubbingactionwhilethedetergentdisplacesthefilmofpenetrantfromthepartsurface.Theemulsificationtimewillvary,dependingonitsconcentration.Itsconcentrationcanbemonitoredbytheuseofasuitablerefractometer.
6.4Developers—Developmentofpenetrantindicationsistheprocessofbringingthepenetrantoutofdiscontinuitiesthroughblottingactionoftheapplieddeveloper,thusincreas-ingthevisibilityofthepenetrantindications.Severaltypesofdevelopersaresuitableforusewiththehydrophilicpenetrantprocess.
6.4.1DryPowderDevelopersareusedassupplied(thatis,free-flowing,noncakingpowder)inaccordancewith7.1.9.1(a).Careshouldbetakennottocontaminatethedeveloperwithfluorescentpenetrant,asthepenetrantspeckscanappearasindications.
6.4.2AqueousDevelopersarenormallysuppliedasdrypowderparticlestobeeithersuspendedordissolved(soluble)inwater.Theconcentration,use,andmaintenanceshallbeinaccordancewithmanufacturer’srecommendations(see7.1.9.1(b).(Warning—Aqueousdevelopersmaycausestrip-pingofindicationsifnotproperlyappliedandcontrolled.Theprocedureshouldbequalifiedinaccordancewith9.2.)
6.4.3Nonaqueous,WetDevelopersaresuppliedassuspen-sionsofdeveloperparticlesinanonaqueous,solventcarrierreadyforuseassupplied.Nonaqueous,wetdevelopersformacoatingonthesurfaceofthepartwhendried,whichservesasthedevelopingmediumforfluorescentpenetrants(see7.1.9.1(c).(Warning—Thistypeofdeveloperisintendedforapplicationbysprayonly.)
6.4.4LiquidFilmDevelopersaresolutionsorcolloidalsuspensionsofresins/polymerinasuitablecarrier.Thesedeveloperswillformatransparentortranslucentcoatingonthesurfaceofthepart.Certaintypesoffilmdevelopermaybestrippedfromthepartandretainedforrecordpurposes(see7.1.9.1(d).
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7.Procedure
7.1Thefollowinggeneralprocedureappliestothefluores-centpenetrantexaminationhydrophilicpost-emulsificationmethod(seeFig.1).
7.1.1TemperatureLimits—Thetemperatureofthepenetrantmaterialsandthesurfaceoftheparttobeprocessedshouldbebetween40and125°F[4and52°C].Whereitisnotpractical
tocomplywiththesetemperaturelimitations,qualifytheprocedureatthetemperatureofintendeduseasdescribedin9.2.
7.1.2SurfaceConditioningPriortoPenetrantInspection—Satisfactoryresultsmaybeobtainedonsurfacesintheas-welded,as-rolled,as-cast,oras-forgedconditionsorforceramicsinthedensifiedcondition.Thesesensitivepenetrants
IncomingParts
PRECLEAN(See7.1.3.1)
AlkalineSteamVaporDegreaseSolventWashAcidEtch
MechanicalPaintStripperUltrasonicDetergent
DRY
(See7.1.3.2)
Dry
PENETRANTAPPLICATION(See7.1.4)ApplyPost-EmulsifiablePenetrant
PRERINSE(See7.1.5)
Prerinse
HYDROPHILICEMULSIFIER(See7.1.6)Apply
HydrophilicEmulsifier
SprayImmersion
FINALRINSE(See7.1.7)WaterWash
DRY
(See7.1.8)DEVELOP(See7.1.9)DEVELOP(See7.1.9)DRY
(See7.1.8)EXAMINE(See7.1.10)
Dry
Developer(Aqueous)
DeveloperDry,NonaqueousorLiquidFilm
Dry
Examine
WaterRinseDetergentMechanicalWash
POSTCLEAN(See7.1.12andPrac-ticeE165,AnnexonPostCleaning)
VaporDegrease
Dry
SolventSoakOutgoingParts
UltrasonicClean
FIG.1GeneralProcedureFlowsheetforFluorescentPenetrantExaminationUsingtheWater-WashableProcess
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aregenerallylesseasilyrinsedawayandarethereforelesssuitableforroughersurfaces.Whenonlyloosesurfaceresidu-alsarepresent,thesemayberemovedbywipingthesurfacewithcleanlint-freecloths.However,precleaningofmetalstoremoveprocessingresidualssuchasoil,graphite,scale,insulatingmaterials,coatings,andsoforth,shouldbedoneusingcleaningsolvents,vapordegreasingorchemicalremov-ingprocesses.Surfaceconditioningbygrinding,machining,polishingoretchingshallfollowshot,sand,gritandvaporblastingtoremovethepeenedskinandwhenpenetrantentrapmentinsurfaceirregularitiesmightmasktheindicationsofunacceptablediscontinuitiesorotherwiseinterferewiththeeffectivenessoftheexamination.Formetals,unlessotherwisespecified,etchingshallbeperformedwhenevidenceexiststhatpreviouscleaning,surfacetreatmentsorserviceusagehaveproducedasurfaceconditionthatdegradestheeffectivenessoftheexamination.(SeeAnnexonMechanicalCleaningandSurfaceConditioningandAnnexonAcidEtchinginTestMethodE165forgeneralprecautionsrelativetosurfacepreparation.)
NOTE2—Whenagreedbetweenpurchaserandsupplier,gritblastingwithoutsubsequentetchingmaybeanacceptablecleaningmethod.(Warning—Sandorshotblastingmaypossiblycloseindicationsandextremecareshouldbeusedwithgrindingandmachiningoperations.)NOTE3—Forstructuralorelectronicceramics,surfacepreparationbygrinding,sandblastingandetchingforpenetrantexaminationisnotrecommendedbecauseofthepotentialfordamage.
7.1.3RemovalofSurfaceContaminants:
7.1.3.1Precleaning—Thesuccessofanypenetrantexami-nationprocedureisgreatlydependentuponthesurfaceanddiscontinuitybeingfreeofanycontaminant(solidorliquid)thatmightinterferewiththepenetrantprocess.Allpartsorareasofpartstobeinspectedmustbecleananddrybeforethepenetrantisapplied.Ifonlyasectionofapart,suchasaweld,includingtheheat-affectedzoneistobeexamined,allcon-taminantsshallberemovedfromtheareabeingexaminedasdefinedbythecontractingparties.“Clean”isintendedtomeanthatthesurfacemustbefreeofanyrust,scale,weldingflux,spatter,grease,paint,oilyfilms,dirt,etc.,thatmightinterferewithpenetration.Allofthesecontaminantscanpreventthepenetrantfromenteringdiscontinuities.(SeeAnnexonClean-ingofPartsandMaterialsinTestMethodE165formoredetailedcleaningmethods.)(Warning—Residuesfromclean-ingprocesses,suchasstrongalkalies,picklingsolutionsandchromatesinparticular,mayadverselyreactwiththepenetrantandreduceitssensitivityandperformance.)
7.1.3.2DryingAfterCleaning—Itisessentialthatthesur-facebethoroughlydryaftercleaning,sinceanyliquidresiduewillhindertheentranceofthepenetrant.Dryingmaybeaccomplishedbywarmingthepartsindryingovens,withinfraredlamps,forcedhotorcoldair,orexposuretoambienttemperature.
7.1.4PenetrantApplication—Aftertheparthasbeencleaned,dried,andiswithinthespecifiedtemperaturerange,applythepenetranttothesurfacetobeinspectedsothattheentirepartorareaunderexaminationiscompletelycoveredwithpenetrant.
7.1.4.1ModesofApplication—Therearevariousmodesofeffectiveapplicationofpenetrantsuchasdipping,brushing,
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flooding,orspraying.Smallpartsarequiteoftenplacedinsuitablebasketsanddippedintoatankofpenetrant.Onlargerparts,andthosewithcomplexgeometries,penetrantcanbeappliedeffectivelybybrushingorspraying.Bothconventionalandelectrostaticspraygunsareeffectivemeansofapplyingliquidpenetrantstothepartsurfaces.Electrostaticsprayapplicationcaneliminateexcessliquidbuildupofpenetrantonthepart,minimizeoverspray,andminimizetheamountofpenetrantenteringhollow-coredpassageswhichmightserveaspenetrantreservoirs,causingseverebleedoutproblemsduringexamination.Aerosolspraysareconvenientlyportableandsuitableforlocalapplication.(Warning—Notallpenetrantmaterialsaresuitableforelectrostaticsprayapplications.)(Warning—Withsprayapplications,itisimportantthattherebeproperventilation.Thisisgenerallyaccomplishedthroughtheuseofaproperlydesignedsprayboothandexhaustsystem.)
7.1.4.2PenetrantDwellTime—Afterapplication,allowex-cesspenetranttodrainfromthepart(careshouldbetakentopreventpoolsofpenetrantonthepart),whileallowingforproperpenetrantdwelltime(seeTable1).Thelengthoftimethepenetrantmustremainontheparttoallowproperpenetra-tionshouldbeasrecommendedbythepenetrantmanufacturer.Table1,however,providesaguideforselectionofpenetrantdwelltimesforavarietyofmaterials,forms,andtypesofdiscontinuity.Unlessotherwisespecifiedthedwelltimeshallnotexceedthemaximumrecommendedbythemanufacturer.
NOTE4—Forsomespecificapplicationsinstructuralceramics(forexample,detectingpartinglinesinslip-castmaterial),therequiredpenetrantdwelltimeshouldbedeterminedexperimentallyandmaybelongerthanthatshowninTable1anditsnotes.
7.1.5Prerinsing—Directlyaftertherequiredpenetrationtime,itisrecommendedthatthepartsbeprerinsed(7.1.5.1)priortoemulsification(7.1.6).Thisstepallowsfortheremovalofexcesssurfacepenetrantfromthepartspriortoemulsifica-tionsoastominimizethedegreeofpenetrantcontaminationinthehydrophilicemulsifierbath,therebyextendingitslife.In
TABLE1RecommendedMinimumDwellTimes
TypeofDiscontinuitycoldshuts,porosity,
lackoffusion,cracks(allforms)
DwellTimesA(minutes)Pene-trantB5
Devel-operC10
MaterialForm
Aluminum,castingsandmagnesium,steel,weldsbrassandbronze,titaniumand
high-temperaturealloys
wroughtmaterials—extrusions,forgings,plate
Carbide-tippedtoolsPlasticGlassCeramic
ABlaps,cracks(allforms)
1010
allformsallformsallforms
lackoffusion,porosity,crackscrackscracks
cracks,porosity
5555
10101010
Fortemperaturerangefrom40to120°F[4to49°C].
Maximumpenetrantdwelltime60mininaccordancewith7.1.4.2.CDevelopmenttimebeginsassoonaswetdevelopercoatinghasdriedonsurfaceofparts(recommendedminimum).Maximumdevelopmenttimeinaccor-dancewith7.1.9.2.
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addition,prerinsingofpenetratedpartsallowsfortheminimi-zationofpossibleoilypenetrantpollutioninthefinalrinsestepofthisprocessThisisaccomplishedbycollectingtheprerins-ingsinaholdtank,separatingthepenetrantfromwater.
7.1.5.1PrerinsingControls—Effectiveprerinsingisaccom-plishedbyeithermanualorautomaticwatersprayrinsingofthepartsasfollows:
(a)Controlwatertemperaturewithintherangeof50to100°F[10to38°C].
(b)Sprayrinseatwaterpressureof25to40psi[175to275kPa].
(c)Prerinsetimeshouldbemaintainedattheleastpossibletimetoprovideaconsistentresidueofpenetrantonparts,nominally60smaximumwashtimetobeasspecifiedbythepartormaterialspecification.
(d)Removewatertrappedincavitiesusingfilteredshopairatanominalpressureof25psi[175kPa]orasuctiondevicetoremovewaterfrompooledareas.
(e)Watershouldbefreeofcontaminantsthatcouldclogspraynozzlesorleavearesidueonparts.
7.1.6ApplicationofEmulsifier—Aftertherequiredpenetra-tiontimeandfollowingtheprerinse,theresidualsurfacepenetrantonpartsisemulsifiedbyimmersingthepartsinahydrophilicemulsifierbath(7.1.6.1)orbysprayingthepartswiththeemulsifier(7.1.6.2)therebyrenderingtheremainingresidualsurfacepenetrantwater-washableinthefinalrinsestation(7.1.7).
7.1.6.1Immersion—Forimmersionapplicationofhydro-philicemulsifier,partsarecompletelyimmersedintheemul-sifierbath.Thehydrophilicemulsifierisgentlyairagitatedthroughoutthecontactcycle.
(a)Theconcentration,percentvolume,shallbenohigherthanspecifiedbythepenetrantsystemsupplier,andshallnotexceedthatforwhichthesystemwasqualified.
(b)Immersioncontacttimeshouldbekepttothemini-mumtimeconsistentwithanacceptablebackgroundandshouldnotexceed120sorthemaximumtimestipulatedbythepartormaterialspecification.
(c)Emulsifierdraintimebeginsimmediatelyafterpartshavebeenwithdrawnfromtheemulsifiertankandcontinuesuntilthepartsarewashedinthefinalrinsestation(7.1.7).7.1.6.2SprayApplication—Forsprayapplicationfollowingtheprerinsestep,partsareemulsifiedbythesprayapplicationofanemulsifier.Allpartsurfacesshouldbeevenlyanduniformlysprayedtoeffectivelyemulsifytheresidualpen-etrantonpartsurfacestorenderitwater-washable.
(a)Theconcentrationoftheemulsifierforsprayapplica-tionshouldbeinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’srecom-mendations,butshouldnotexceed5%.
(b)Thespraypressureshouldbemaintainedwithintherangeof10to30psi,20psinominal[70to205kPa,140kPanominal].
(c)Temperaturetobemaintainedat50to100°F[10to38°C].
(d)Contacttimeshouldbekepttotheleastpossibletimeconsistentwithanacceptablebackgroundandshouldnotexceed120sorthemaximumtimespecifiedbythepartormaterialspecification.
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(e)Ifover-removalissuspected,dry(see7.1.8)andrecleanthepartandreapplythepenetrantfortheprescribeddwelltime.
7.1.7Post-RinsingofHydrophilicEmulsifiedParts—
Effectivepost-rinsingofemulsifiedpenetrantfromthesurfacecanbeaccomplishedusingeithermanual,semiautomatic,orautomaticwatersprayorimmersionequipmentorcombina-tionsthereof.
7.1.7.1ImmersionPost-Rinsing—Partsaretobecompletelyimmersedinthewaterbathwithairormechanicalagitation.
(a)Themaximumimmersiontimeshouldnotexceed120sunlessotherwisespecifiedbypartormaterialspecification.
(b)Thetemperatureofthewatershouldberelativelyconstantandshouldbemaintainedwithintherangeof50to100°F[10to38°C].
7.1.7.2SprayPost-Rinsing—Followingemulsificationpartscanbepost-rinsedbyeithermanualorautomaticwatersprayrinsingasfollows:
(a)Sprayrinsewaterpressureshouldbe40psimax[275kPamax]orinaccordancewithmanufacturers’instructions.
(b)Themaximumsprayrinsetimeshouldnotexceed120sunlessotherwisespecifiedbypartormaterialsspecification.
(c)Controlrinsewatertemperaturewithintherangeof50to100°F[10to38°C].
7.1.8Drying—Duringthepreparationofpartsforexamina-tion,dryingisnecessaryeitherfollowingtheapplicationoftheaqueous,wetdeveloperorpriortoapplyingdryornonaqueousdevelopers.Dryingtimewillvarywiththesize,nature,andnumberofpartsunderexamination.
7.1.8.1DryingModes—Partscanbedriedbyusingahot-airrecirculatingoven,ahot-orcold-airblast,orbyexposuretoambienttemperature.Dryingisbestdoneinathermostaticallycontrolledrecirculatinghot-airdryer.(Warning—Dryingoventemperatureshouldnotexceed160°F[71°C].)
7.1.8.2DryingTimeLimits—Donotallowpartstoremaininthedryingovenanylongerthanisnecessarytodrythepart.Excessivetimeinthedryermayimpairthesensitivityoftheexamination.
7.1.9DeveloperApplication:
7.1.9.1ModesofApplication—Therearevariousmodesofeffectiveapplicationofthevarioustypesofdeveloperssuchasdusting,immersing,flooding,orspraying.Thesize,configu-ration,surfacecondition,numberofpartstobeprocessed,etc.,willinfluencethechoiceofdeveloperapplication.
(a)DryPowderDevelopers—Applyimmediatelyafterdryinginsuchamannerastoassurecompletecoverage.Partscanbeimmersedintoacontainerofdrydeveloperordippedintoafluidbedofdrydeveloper;theycanalsobedustedwiththepowderdeveloperthroughahandpowderbulborapowdergun.Itisquitecommonandmosteffectivetoapplydrypowderinanencloseddustchamber,whichcreatesaneffectiveandcontrolleddustcloud.Othermeanssuitedtothesizeandgeometryofthespecimenmaybeusedprovidedthepowderisdustedevenlyovertheentiresurfacebeingexamined.Excesspowdermayberemovedbyshakingortappingthepartgently,orbyblowingwithlow-pressure,(5to10psi[34to70kPa]),dry,clean,compressedair.
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(b)AqueousDevelopers—Applytothesurfaceimmedi-atelyaftertheexcesspenetranthasbeenremovedfromthepartandpriortodrying.Thedrieddevelopercoatingappearsasatranslucentorwhitecoatingonthepart.Prepareandmaintainaqueousdevelopersinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sinstructionsandapplytheminsuchamannerastoassurecomplete,evencoverage.Aqueousdevelopersmaybeappliedbyspraying,flowing,orimmersingthepart.Itismostcommontoimmersethepartsintheprepareddeveloperbath.Immersepartsonlylongenoughtocoatallofthepartsurfaceswiththedeveloper.Thenremovepartsfromthedeveloperbathandallowtodrain.Drainallexcessdeveloperfromrecessesandtrappedsectionstoeliminatepoolingofdeveloper,whichcanobscurediscontinuities.Drythepartsinaccordancewith7.1.8.(Warning—Atomizedsprayingisnotrecommendedsinceaspottyfilmmayresult.)(Warning—Ifthepartsareleftinthebathtoolong,indicationsmayleachout.)
(c)Nonaqueous,WetDevelopers—Aftertheexcesspen-etranthasbeenremovedandthesurfacehasbeendried,applydeveloperbysprayinginsuchamannerastoassurecompletecoveragewithathin,evenfilmofdeveloper.Thesetypesofdevelopercarrierevaporateveryrapidlyatnormalroomtemperatureanddonot,therefore,requiretheuseofadryer.Dippingorfloodingpartswithnonaqueousdevelopersisprohibited,sinceitwillflush(dissolve)thepenetrantfromwithinthediscontinuitiesbecauseofthesolventactionofthetypesofdevelopers.
NOTE5—Warning:Thevaporsfromtheevaporating,volatilesolventdevelopercarriermaybehazardous.Properventilationshouldbeprovidedinallcases,butespeciallywhenthesurfacetobeexaminedisinsideaclosedvolume,suchasaprocessdrumorasmallstoragetank.
(d)LiquidFilmDevelopers—Applybysprayingasrecom-mendedbythemanufacturer.Spraypartsinsuchamannerastoinsurecompletecoverageoftheareabeingexaminedwithathin,evenfilmofdeveloper.
7.1.9.2DeveloperTime—Theminimumandmaximumbleedouttimewithnodevelopershallbe10minand2h,respectively.Developingtimefordrydeveloperbeginsimme-diatelyafterapplicationofthedrydeveloperandbeginswhenthedevelopercoatinghasdriedforwetdevelopers(aqueousandnonaqueous).Theminimumdeveloperdwelltimeshallbe10minforalltypesofdeveloper.Themaximumdeveloperdwelltimeshallbe1hfornonaqueousdeveloper,2hforaqueousdeveloper,and4hfordrydevelopers.
7.1.10Examination—Performexaminationofpartsaftertheapplicabledevelopmenttimeasspecifiedin7.1.9.2toallowforbleedoutofpenetrantfromdiscontinuitiesontothedevel-opercoating.Itisgoodpracticetoobservethesurfacewhileapplyingthedeveloperasanaidinevaluatingindications.7.1.10.1VisibleAmbientLightLevel—Examinefluorescentpenetrantindicationsunderblacklightinadarkenedarea.Visibleambientlightshouldnotexceed2fc(20lux).
7.1.10.2BlackLightLevel—Blacklightintensity,(recom-mendedminimumof1000µW/cm2)shouldbemeasuredonthesurfacebeingexaminedwithasuitableblacklightmeter.Theblacklightshallhaveawavelengthintherangefrom320to380nm.Theintensityshouldbecheckeddailytoassuretherequiredoutput.Sincedropinlinevoltagecancausedecreased
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blacklightoutputwithconsequentinconsistentperformance,aconstantvoltagetransformershouldbeusedwhenthereisevidenceofvoltagefluctuation.(Warning—Certainhigh-intensityblacklightsmayemitunacceptableamountsofvisiblelight,whichwillcausefluorescentindicationstodisappear.Careshouldbetakentouseonlybulbscertifiedbythesuppliertobesuitableforsuchexaminationpurposes.)
7.1.10.3BlackLightWarm-Up—Allowtheblacklighttowarmupforaminimumof10minpriortoitsuseormeasurementoftheintensityoftheultravioletlightemitted.7.1.10.4VisualAdaption—Theexaminershouldbeinthedarkenedareaforatleast1minbeforeexaminingparts.Longertimesmaybenecessaryformorecompleteadaptationundersomecircumstances.(Warning—Photochromicordarkenedlensesshallnotbewornduringexamination.)
7.1.10.5Housekeeping—Keeptheexaminationareafreeofinterferingdebrisorfluorescentobjects.Practicegoodhouse-keepingatalltimes.
7.1.11Evaluation—Unlessotherwiseagreedupon,itisnormalpracticetointerpretandevaluatethediscontinuityindicationbasedonthesizeofthepenetrantindicationcreatedbythedeveloper’sabsorptionofthepenetrant(seeReferencePhotographsE433).
7.1.12PostCleaning—Postcleaningisnecessaryinthosecaseswhereresidualpenetrantordevelopercouldinterferewithsubsequentprocessingorwithservicerequirements.Itisparticularlyimportantwhereresidualpenetrantexaminationmaterialsmightcombinewithotherfactorsinservicetoproducecorrosion.Asuitabletechnique,suchasasimplewaterrinse,waterspray,machinewash,vapordegreasing,solventsoak,orultrasoniccleaningmaybeemployed(seeTestMethodE165,AnnexonPostCleaning).Itisrecommendedthatifdeveloperremovalisnecessary,itshallbecarriedoutaspromptlyaspossibleafterexaminationsothatitdoesnotfixonthepart.Watersprayrinsingisgenerallyadequate.(Warning—Developersshouldberemovedpriortovapordegreasing.Vapordegreasingcanbakedeveloperonparts.)8.SpecialRequirements8.1Impurities:
8.1.1Whenusingpenetrantmaterialsonausteniticstainlesssteels,titanium,nickel-baseorotherhigh-temperaturealloys,theneedtorestrictimpuritiessuchassulfur,halogens,andalkalimetalsmustbeconsidered.Theseimpuritiesmaycauseembrittlementorcorrosion,particularlyatelevatedtempera-tures.Anysuchevaluationshouldalsoincludeconsiderationoftheforminwhichtheimpuritiesarepresent.Somepenetrantmaterialscontainsignificantamountsoftheseimpuritiesintheformofvolatileorganicsolvents.Thesenormallyevaporatequicklyandusuallydonotcauseproblems.Othermaterialsmaycontainimpuritieswhicharenotvolatileandmayreactwiththepart,particularlyinthepresenceofmoistureorelevatedtemperatures.
8.1.2Becausevolatilesolventsleavethetestedsurfacequicklywithoutreactionundernormalinspectionprocedures,penetrantmaterialsarenormallysubjectedtoanevaporationproceduretoremovethesolventsbeforethematerialsareanalyzedforimpurities.TheresiduefromthisprocedureisthenanalyzedinaccordancewithTestMethodD129,Test
E1210–05
MethodD1552,orTestMethodD129decompositionfol-lowedbyTestMethodsD516,MethodB(TurbidimetricMethod)forsulfur.TheresiduemayalsobeanalyzedinaccordancewithTestMethodsD808orE165,AnnexonMethodsforMeasuringTotalChlorineContentinCombustibleLiquidPenetrantMaterials(forhalogensotherthanfluorine)andTestMethodE165,AnnexonMethodforMeasuringTotalFluorineContentinCombustibleLiquidPenetrant(forfluo-rine).TheAnnexonDeterminationofAnionsandCationsbyIonChromatographyinTestMethodE165canbeusedasanalternateprocedure.Alkalimetalsintheresiduearedeterminedbyflamephotometryoratomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.
NOTE6—Somecurrentstandardsindicatethatimpuritylevelsofsulfurandhalogensexceeding1%ofanyonesuspectelementmaybeconsideredexcessive.However,thishighalevelmaybeunacceptableinsomecases,sotheactualmaximumacceptableimpuritylevelmustbedecidedbetweensupplieranduseronacasebycasebasis.
8.2ElevatedTemperatureExamination—Wherepenetrantexaminationisperformedonpartsthatmustbemaintainedatelevatedtemperatureduringexamination,specialmaterialsandprocessingtechniquesmayberequired.Suchexaminationrequiresqualificationinaccordancewith9.2.Manufacturer’srecommendationsshouldbeobserved.
9.QualificationandRequalification
9.1PersonnelQualification—Unlessotherwisespecifiedbyclient/supplieragreement,allexaminationpersonnelshallbe
qualified/certifiedinaccordancewithawrittenprocedureconformingtotheapplicableeditionofRecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A,ANSI/ASNT-CP-1,NAS-410,orMIL-STD-410.
9.2ProcedureQualification—Qualificationofprocedureusingconditionsortimesdifferingfromthosespecifiedorfornewmaterialsmaybeperformedbyanyofseveralmethodsandshouldbeagreeduponbythecontractingparties.Atestpiececontainingoneormorediscontinuitiesofthesmallestrelevantsizeisused.Thetestpiecemaycontainrealorsimulateddiscontinuities,providingitdisplaysthecharacter-isticsofthediscontinuitiesencounteredinproductionexami-nations.
9.3NondestructiveTestingAgencyQualification—Ifanon-destructivetestingagencyasdescribedinPracticeE543isusedtoperformtheexamination,theagencyshallmeettherequirementsofPracticeE543.
9.4Requalificationmayberequiredwhenachangeorsubstitutionismadeinthetypeofpenetrantmaterialsorintheprocedure(see9.2).10.Keywords
10.1fluorescentliquidpenetranttesting;hydrophilicpost-emulsificationmethod;nondestructivetesting
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