01欢迎
Hello everyone!
This week the first Exercise of Future Cities became available. We noticed in some of your posts that there is a problem with uploading images. Here is the process you need to follow: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Click the \"New Post\" button Select the Post type
Insert a \"Title\" for your post
Press the Image icon (or Ctrl+G) and browse your image.
Note: The size of the image must not exceed the 1MB.
5. Once your image is displayed in the \"Preview\" window below the post, it will be correctly displayed when you publish your post. 6. As soon as you have entered all the information you want to present, you can press \"Add Post\" button to publish your post. The Future Cities Team
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014
Hello everyone!
We would like to thank you for all your interesting posts岗位；帖子；邮件 so far!! We are really excited about the enthusiasm
热心，热忱，热情 you
shown the first days of the course.
We encourage you to keep reading and interact with
与……相互作用
the posts of your fellow students. Those of you that already did that can realize the importance of having the chance to share your point of view with people worldwide. And the benefits of knowing what other people think. Future Cities is actually a topic that concerns us all. At the beginning of next week there will be a feedback video from our side where we are going to summarize总结；概述 the content of the first week’s discussion topic. The Future Cities Team
SEPTEMBER 24, 2014
Welcome to Future Cities!!
First of all, we would like to thank all of you for joining our Future Cities course! We are excited about sharing this adventure with you! The following weeks we are going to take a journey into the fascinating world of architecture, always with the view to the cities of the future. We are looking forward to sharing ideas with you, as knowledge is the basis for every type of development. We encourage you to be active and participate as much as possible in the discussions. A good reason to do this is that you can earn points
through it, but in general, taking part in the conversations of the course will provide you with much more!!
This week is not a \"regular\" week, but an introduction to the course. In the following parts of week 0 you can find the learning objectives, the detailed description of the course, as well as the evaluation system. You are also provided with information about ETH Zurich, the department of D-Arch, the Information Architecture Chair and the Future cities laboratory. Then, we encourage you to create a word poster that will depict your expectations from the course. Finally, you are supplied with an introductory reading that you are recommended to go through, and then take part in our first discussion!
Furthermore, in the \"Glossary术语（特殊用语）表；词汇表；专业词典\" button on the top of the page, you can, at any time, find interesting links and explanations over the terms that are going to be analyzed in the following weeks.
We recommend you to dedicate致力；献身；题献 some time and explore the offered information, as this will save you time later on and will also provide answers to many of your questions. Enjoy!!! The Future Cities Team
02课程简介
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Understanding a city as a whole, its people, components, functions, scales and dynamics is crucial for the appropriate design and management of the urban system. While the development of cities in different parts of the world is moving in diverse directions, all estimations show that cities worldwide will change and grow strongly in the coming years. Especially in the tropics over the next 3 decades, it is expected that the number of new urban residents will increase by 3 times the population of Europe today. Yet already now, there is an extreme shortage of designers and urban planners able to understand the functioning of a city as a system, and to plan a sustainable and resilient city. To answer questions like: Which methods can contribute to the sustainable performance of a city, and how can we teach this to the next generations, the ETH Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore has produced over the last 3 years many necessary research results. “Future Cities” aims to bring these latest results to the places where they are needed most.
The only way to better understand the city is by going beyond the physical appearance and by focusing on different representations, properties and impact factors of the urban system. For that reason, in this course we will explore the city as the most complex human-made “organism” with a metabolism that can be modelled in terms of stocks and flows. We will open a holistic view on existing and new cities, with a focus on Asia. Data-driven approaches for the development of the future city will be studied, based on crowdsourcing and sensing. At first, we will give an overview of the components and dynamics of the future cities, and we will show the importance of information and information architecture for the cities of the future. The course will cover the origins, state-of-the-art and applications of information architecture and simulation. “Future Cities” will provide the basis to understand, shape, plan, design, build, manage and continually adapt a city. You will learn to see the consequences of citizen science and the merging of Architecture and information space. You will be up-to-date on the latest research and development on how to better understand, create and manage the future cities for a more resilient urban world.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
With the successful completion of the course, you will be able to better understand the city by going beyond the physical appearance and by focusing on different representations, properties and impact factors of the urban system. On the one hand, we will explore the city as the most complex human-made organism with a metabolism that can be modelled in terms of stocks and flows. On the other hand, we will investigate data-driven approaches for the development of the future city, based on crowd sourcing, sensing, and citizen science.
More specifically, by the end of the Future Cities course you will be able to...
Understand how to use the information to design architecture in
the future
Make the invisible-visible, by understanding the interaction
between the components of the city. You will also be able to recognise data as the raw material of future architecture and learn how to organise them in meaningful ways
Understand the construction process as a system
Understand how a good model can describe the interaction
between important features of the real object, as well as the importance of simulation for decision making and planning
Understand the importance of energy and exergy as key
concepts in the interaction with the environmental system and the value of the impact a building causes in it
Apply the principle of stocks and flows to architecture at
different scales, where statics and dynamics are represented by people, water, material, capital etc.
Understand the importance of the knowledge of the territory,
and how crucial it is regarding planning or developing a city
Understand that the boundaries between cities and their
surroundings are dynamic and constantly changing. Finally, you will learn the importance of transforming existing cities in order to become more sustainable and how to plan future cities for resilience.
GRADING SYSTEM
分级系统；学校评分方式；评分制度
: REVIEW QUESTIONS, EXERCISES AND TASKS
In this segment, we will present you in details the grading system of this course.
Your final grade for this course is a combination of three different assignment types: Review Questions, Tasks and Exercises.
Review questions: After the video lectures of each week, there are some review questions that will let you check how well you understood the content of the lectures. Answering these questions is not very difficult if you have understood the content of the lectures, but you have to be careful as you can only answer once each question (you have no second chance). In case you are not sure about the answer, we encourage you to go back again through the videos and try to find the right answer, as answering the questions right gives you enough points for your final grade.
Tasks: During the course, you will be asked to answer to two tasks. Tasks are actually short exercises that will help you understand the meanings discussed during the lectures. Tasks are very creative and will not only help you a lot to pass the course, but also test what you learn in practice.
Exercises: During the course, you will also be asked to submit three exercises. Exercises will be more time-consuming than the tasks, but they will make you think the content of lectures carefully, analyse it, and move your knowledge one step further. Answering the exercises will help you achieve the best possible grade for the course, but also broaden your way of thinking.
Your final grade is weighted: 45% on the Review Questions, 15% on the Tasks and 40% on the Exercises. So answering all the questions right, will give you 45 points, submitting the two tasks will give you 15 points, and submitting all three exercises will give you 40 points. To pass the course you need at least 50 points. For those who target to achieve a better grade, more points are needed. For a B grade you need at least 65 points and for an A grade at least 80. To help you achieve a better grade, the two weeks with the lowest Review
Question scores will be excluded from the calculation of your final grade.
Here is an Example of how you get the points:
Let's suppose that a student answers the Review Questions for the 8 out of the 9 weeks with the following results:
week 1: 100%, week 2: 80%, week 3: 100%, week 4: no answers (0%), week 5: 60%, week 6: 100%, week 7: 80%, week 8: 75%, week : 100%.
The two lowest scores which in this case are for weeks 4 and 5 will be excluded from the calculation of the Review Questions final score. So the grade of the Review Questions will (100+80+100+100+80+75+100) / 7 = 90.71%.
be
That grade weights 45% on the final grade, so you will get: 45 points * 90.71% = 40.82/45 points from the Review Questions.
Let's suppose now that the same student answers one out of two tasks and all three exercises.
Same as before, the grades for the Tasks will be: week a: 100%, week b: no answer (0%)
So the grade of the Tasks will be (100+0) / 2 = 50%
That grade weights 15% on the final grade, so you will get: 15 points * 50% = 7.5/15 points from the Tasks. The grades for the three Exercises will be: week a: 100%, week b: 100%, week c: 100%
So the grade of the Exercises will be (100+100+100) / 3 = 100% That grade weights 40% on the final grade, so you will get: 40 points * 100% = 40/40 points from the Exercises.
*Note that when you submit a Task or an Exercise you get ALL THE POINTS.
So in our example the final grade of the student will be: 40.82+7.5+40 = 88.32% which is an A!!!
03术语
GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
Here you can find basic definitions and explanations over the most important terms that you often run into in our course. The only thing you have to do is to click the button below that corresponds to your question.
City Science Exergy Information Architecture Mobility Modeling Senseable City Lab Simulation Simulation PlatformSocial Equality Social Inequality Stocks and Flows SUPat System Systems Design Urban Sociolog （详见术语文件夹）
04学习背景
VISUAL TOUR: STUDYING AT ETH ZURICH
ETH Zurich is one of the leading international universities for technology and the natural sciences. It is well known for its excellent education, ground-breaking fundamental research and for implementing its results directly into practice. Founded in 1855, to
researchers, it today offers an inspiring working environment, to students, a comprehensive education.
ETH Zurich has more than 18,000 students from over 110 countries, including 3,900 doctoral students. About 500 professors currently teach and conduct research in engineering, architecture, mathematics, natural sciences, system-oriented sciences, and management and social sciences.
ETH Zurich regularly appears at the top of international rankings as one of the best universities in the world. Twenty-one Nobel Laureates have studied, taught or conducted research at ETH Zurich, underlining the excellent reputation of the university. To explore ETH Zurich click here
INTRODUCTION TO ETH DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE (D-ARCH)
As the leading Swiss institution of higher education in the technical and natural sciences, ETH Zurich has also proven itself at the highest international level. Its multi- and transdisciplinary orientation and its worldwide connections enable emphasise the main points within sustainable development and to serve as a reliable partner for business, politics and society.
Within this context, the Department of Architecture (D-ARCH) is one of the most highly regarded faculties of architecture in the world. It owes its prominent position to both the high quality of the teaching and the outstanding results of the research. This well-established approach to teaching and research, representing a long tradition, manifests itself in the structure of flexible design studios that work in close cooperation with the institutes, and it is experienced throughout all phases of Bachelor and Master studies at the D-ARCH as a holistic and open programme.
As the most important foundation for the Swiss building tradition, the architectural education owes its success to the fruitful intertwining of
the teaching staff’s academic instruction and practical building activity. In its essential significance for the teaching at the D-ARCH, the experience gained by faculty members in their own architectural practices has a long tradition that goes back to the first director of the architecture faculty at ETH Zurich, the prominent intellectual architect and theorist Gottfried Semper. To explore D-Arch click here
INTRODUCTION TO CHAIR OF INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE (IA)
In the Chair of Information Architecture we research on new methods of how information could be organised in planning processes to leverage simulation and participation more holistic and more easily.
To explore the Chair of Information Architecture: click here
INTRODUCTION TO FUTURE CITIES
LABORATORY SINGAPORE (FCL)
The Future Cities Laboratory (FCL) is a transdisciplinary research programme focused on sustainable urbanisation of different scales in a global perspective, laying the foundation for a new form of urban studies programme. FCL is co-initiated by the ETH departments of Architecture (DArch) and Civil Engineering (DBaug). It is the first research programme of the Singapore-ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability (SEC). It is home to a community of over 100PhD, postdoctoral and Professional researchers working on diverse themes related to future cities and environmental sustainability.
To explore the Future Cities Laboratory: click here
FUTURE CITIES STARTING WORD POSTER
In this part of the introduction week, we would like you to take part in the creation of a first poster for the \"Future Cities\" course. This poster will be composed uniquely from your contributions!!
In the boxes below, we would like you to write the words or short - up to three words - phrases that express your main expectations from our course. You can write what you would like to hear about, what was your motivation to start this course, or even what you expect to gain from the whole experience!
technology innovation, living environment
environment , natural
FIRST READING
Below you will find an interesting link that will introduce you to the content of the course.
Reading it, will make following the course easier for you. If you do not get the point of a concept, do not hesitate to discuss it in the next section with the other participants. Future Cities Preface
WEEKLY TOPIC FOR DISCUSSION
For our first discussion we would like to encourage you to introduce yourselves and to share your opinion on the topics:
- Which do you believe are the key elements for designing future cities? - Which are the main factors that can contribute to the success of a future city?
01
Hi! This is Tom from the Philippines.
Key elements for designing future cities:
I believe that the key elements for designing future cities will be sustainability, accessibility, walkability (people could easily walk; pedestrian friendly), respect for environment, leaning towards a more ecologically responsive design, foreseeing disasters (especially those countries frequented by typhoons and earthquakes), better social interaction for all walks of life, aesthetics, local culture and tradition, use of local materials and labor (as much as possible) to help boost local economy and economy/practicality.
Main factors that can contribute to the success of a future city:
For me, the main factors that could contribute to the success of a future city are reduced urban sprawl (or inventive ways to protect the environment without compromising increasing demands of a growing city) and allow more green spaces, accessibility of people, respect for local culture and diversity, reduced carbon footprint, efficient transport systems, disaster-resiliency, peace and order, and better social involvement. 02
This is Irene from Shanghai.My view is the core of the city in the furture could be us，the people.To live with others in peace，to live with resource in harmony.The stable city needs a better social system and adequent room for reserve differences.
03
Future Cities will need to minimize the resources that they import and maximize the ideas that they export. In order to achieve this they will need to be beautiful, energy efficient, traffic free, edgy, educated and well-connected. 04
Hi I'm Martin. I think that cities of the future should consist of building designs and architecture that minimize land space for larger populations while increasing sustainability including energy efficiency. Also have a robust transportation/road network for public transport and freight. 04
This is Massa Almouslly from Syria. I study Architecture at my Forth Year. Nice to read all you discussion.
I believe that the key is sustainability and peace building against all the war that destroy the cities or to consider those wars,
Those factor will be as i think:1.Gather people with different background cultures and mixed them in one city to work together 2. Flexibility 05
Hi, My name is Vincent I live in Dallas, Texas. I'm here to taste the zeitgeist of today's Architecture Schools. As far as an answer to the questions above: I'll just say the more I learn the less I know. Therefore I look forward to knowing a little less. Renply:
1.Hello, you can call me stoic. Vielen Dank Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmitt et al for organizing this course! It's my first on edX.
-Key elements for designing future cities? Cities must help provide not only basic services, basic rights, but must inspire its users to live a better life in line with what this planet can handle.
-Main factors for success? I'll start by saying adaptability and long-term planning balanced against a keen sense for what's needed now. However, I plan on doing more listening than speaking for this course.
2. I am KS Rao from Andhra Pradesh India. I am a civil engineer and a senior citizen having extensively travelled all over the globe.
The development of future cities will depend on some basic factors-geographical location, availability of water and energy especially renewable energy like solar and wind, aspirations and professions of people eg some could be industrial cities, others could be educational cities, medical cities, sports cities, scientific research cities etc. Since everyone not only cities but also all people will be globally connected, the movement to and within city will also be a major factor in its development. maintenance of ecological balance including waste disposal systems,pollution free & slum free development.Also availability of construction material including type of construction, maintenance of buildings and other infrastructure, expected life cycle of the city etc. 3. Hi , sorry i will have a lot of problems to share of because my english...I'm consultant was living in Quito and Bogota when I was student and then more than 25 years living in diferents cities 5 years in Ankara 5 years in Hochininh ville. 4 ciudad de Guatemala,4 in Abudhabi,4 in Paris 3 in Nairobi and actualy 1 year in Ouagadougou (where my vision of future cities is become to be builded)....all of green economy, climate change , water ,it is already understood but for me new cities is the vision we have to take in -wath we have and -how we can aply innovative city to do the reoganization and the evoluation of the actualy cities and the resiliance . how we have to share with de tradition and the cultural ways ,how the political mind has to change , how the education in the city must be comminuty , how the self economy is going to help the city and the must important how the city is going to be small city in the city...how the citizen can share the public space and have transport,without pollution.
4. Hi All,
My name is KM. I am a part-time architecture student in Sydney, Australia. My understanding of future cities is that being an abstract portrait which paints itself with time. The more you study this painting, the silhouette, layout and structure begins to come out and speak for themselves. Given the rich historical background of the major cities in the world, I am inclined to draw on today's interpretation of an historical city and ride on the nosgtalgic philosophy of city development.
And I certainly appreciate fresher perspective in shaping future cities that I am going to learn from
this course. Happy learning!
05 第一周
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE
This week we will introduce you to the concept观念，概念 of Information Architecture. You are going to see how to use information to design architecture in the future. There are three video lectures: a) Introduction to Information Architecture b) Data, Information, Knowledge c) Information Architecture
followed by a few Review Questions to evaluate how well you understood the content内容，目录；满足；容量 of the lectures.
After the Review Questions you will find our weekly topic for discussion. As always we strongly advise you to be involved in the discussion as much as possible.
At the end you will find a Feedback反馈；成果，资料；回复 Video over your contribution to the course in week 0. Your lecturer for Week 1 will be: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmitt
INTRODUCTION TO FUTURE CITIES
1.
GERHARD SCHMITT: Hello, everyone. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Welcome to Future Cities. My name is Gerhard Schmitt.
I am a professor for Information Architecture at ETH Zurich.
And I will introduce you to an exciting an integrated综合的；完整的；
互相协调的 view观察；视野；意见；风景 on future cities.
6. The first part will give you an overview综述；概观 on the components部件；
组件；成份and dynamics动力学，力学
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
of future cities, and the next two videos
will show the importance of information and Information Architecture for future cities.
At the beginning of the second decade十年，十年期；十of the 21st century, networks of urbanized城市化的centers are the predominant主要的；卓越的；
支配的；有力的；有影响的framework框架，骨架；结构，构架
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
of life in Europe, the United States, South America, and Oceania. While in Africa and Asia, a majority多数；成年of the population does not live in formal cities, but often
in traditional and sustainable可以忍受的；足可支撑的；养得起的；可持续的ways. Yet, in also those areas, the urban城市的；住在都市的population
is expected to exceed超过；胜过the rural农村的，乡下的；田园的，有乡村风味的
population by 2050.
Worldwide adj. 全世界的/adv. 在世界各地, in the coming decades, more than 2 billion people 18. 19.
will need a new place to live and work in the city.
As a consequence, the urban theme has moved to the top of the agenda
n. 议程；日常工作事项 of universities, governments,
20. and industries.
In Singapore, for example, the future and availability n. 可用性；有效性；实用性 of the city 21. 22.
has become one of the central national themes.
The urbanization n. 都市化；文雅化 of the rapidly emerging v. 形成；浮现；显露
（emerge的ing形式）；由…中脱出adj. 新兴的；出现的；形成的 countries
of the 21st century as a societal, scientific, and development phenomenon
n. 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才
urgently needs fundamental n. 基本原理；基本原则adj. 基本的，根本的 research. 23.
Cities
Laboratory as an integrated and multi-disciplinary adj. 多学科的 design and research 24. 25.
center in Singapore and Zurich.
The Future Cities Laboratory is looking for realistic approaches,
This is the main reason why ETH Zurich has founded in 2010 the Future
techniques,
and methods to increase the sustainability n. 持续性；永续性；能维持性 of cities. 26.
It integrates v. （使）结合；（使）一体化；（使）合并research results from science,
city builders, and city 27.
managers.
28. 29.
The goal is to answer questions like, which
methods can increase the sustainable performance n. 性能；绩效；表演；执行
of a city? 30. 31. 32. 33.
And how can we develop a new curriculum n. 课程 of urban science? First, we need to understand the city.
For this, we use the model of the urban metabolism n. [生理] 新陈代谢, the concept of stocks n. [金融] 股票；[贸易] 存货；库存量and flows n. 现金流量, and
complex systems theory. 34. 35.
The research operates on three integrated scales n. 天平；磅秤；鳞屑；缩放: Small -the building and building technology, medium adj. 中间的，中等的；
半生熟的
n. 方法；媒体；媒介；中间物- the neighborhood n. 附近；街坊；接近 and the city,
and large - the hinterland n. 内地；穷乡僻壤；靠港口供应的内地贸易区 and the territory n. 领土，领域；范围；地域；版图.
Ten research modules n. [计] 模块and three assistant n. 助手，助理，助教 professors
work on essential adj. 基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的 parameters n. \"参数, 参量; 界限;
因素, 特征, such as space, energy, materials, people,
36. 37.
capital, water, and information.
From this experience, we know that in urban design theory, experiment,
and simulation n. 仿真；模拟；模仿；假装 need to work hand in hand. 38.
Theory entails vt. 使需要，必需；承担；遗传给；蕴含research on the reality, the
planning,
and the implementation n. [计] 实现；履行；安装启用 of the city. 39. 40. 41.
Experiment includes the conduction of design research studios n. 工作室 with the city as a living laboratory.
And simulation is needed to make the invisible visible
and to test and visualize vt. 形象，形象化；想像，设想 future scenarios n. 情节；脚本；
情景介绍. 42. 43.
The cities of the future will differ from each other much more than those of the present because they emerge
in a globally networked knowledge of the importance of livability n. （家禽，牲
畜的）存活率；适于居住性
44. 45.
and sustainability.
Future cities increasingly will take into account the active participation
of people, as well as the climatic and economic context n. 环境；上下文；来龙去脉. 46.
This requires new urban planning and design curricula n. 课程,
which take into account考虑；重视；体谅 much stronger the dynamics of future cities. 47.
whole 48.
Therefore, the goal of the course is to better understand the city as a
by going beyond the physical appearance and by focusing on different representations代表, properties n. 性能；道具，内容, and impact factors of the urban system.
We will explore 10 topics regarding prep. 关于，至于the understanding,
49. 50.
making, 51. 52. 53. 54.
and managing of cities.
The topics will start from the understanding of Information Architecture as a new concept.
Information Architecture leads to the concept of the Information City.
We will present vt. 提出；介绍；呈现；赠送 different techniques in building construction, 55. 56.
city 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.
scenarios.
You will understand the impact of energy supply and demand in cities and territories n. 地区；领土；边疆区.
You will learn the fundamental concept of stocks and flows, the view of the city as a complex urban system, and the concept of the Information Territory信息领域. from sustainable traditional techniques, to robotics.
On a larger scale大规模地, we will introduce you to the simulation of future
We will also explore how urban infrastructure n. 基础设施；公共建设；下部构造 connects vt. 连接；联合；关连 63.
合
parts and functions of the city, and that the final result of combining v. 结
this knowledge in urban design will be resilient adj. 弹回的，有弹力的 future cities. . 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
At the end of the course, you will understand
the contributions of citizen science and the merging v. 合并；融合 of architecture and information space.
You will be up to date on the latest research and development on how to understand to make and manage future cities for a more resilient urban world.
Again, welcome to Future Cities.
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE - PART 1
1.
GERHARD SCHMITT: Hello, and welcome back to Future Cities. 2.
In this segment n. 段；部分, I will introduce you to Information Architecture
Part One. 3. 4. 5. 6.
What is Information Architecture and why do we need it for future cities? In order to better explain the concept of Information Architecture, we use three aspects n. 方面；相位；面貌and spellings of the same
expression.
The first spelling: in the realm n. 领域，范围；王国 of the built environment, Information ARCHITECTURE visualizes vt. 形象，形象化；想像，设想 the information
that is inherent adj. 固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的 but not visible in a building, 7.
and thus makes the invisible visible.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Think of temperature, for example.
The second spelling: INFORMATION Architecture, on the other hand, takes the architectural metaphor n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法to structure the vast amount of data produced in modern society. Think of crowdsourcing众包or citizen science. The third spelling: INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE,
is defined as the necessary framework to understand architecture, urban
systems, 15. 16. 17.
and territories in the knowledge society. Before working with these three meanings, we must first define three key words.
Nothing is static adj. 静态的；静电的；静力的 in architecture or urban design. 18.
The three expressions data, information, and knowledge
are so crucial adj. 重要的；决定性的；定局的；决断的 because they express the dynamics, the flows 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
and forces n. 势力；武装力量of architecture and urban design. For physical architecture, we use physical materials. For information architecture and information cities, new types of materials are needed.
Data, information, and knowledge could be those virtual adj. [计] 虚拟的；
实质上的，事实上的materials.
24. 25.
We refer to data as the smallest entities n. 实体；存在of information as values given to objects, expressions, functions, or properties n. 性能；
道具，内容.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
Examples of data are numbers, colors, or other simple descriptions. To better describe objects, expressions, functions of properties,
we need data and additional adj. 附加的，额外的connections between them. We call the result information.
Information sets data in relation to each other. It consists of data and connections.
We consider information as a virtual material
33. 34. 35. 36.
and one of the most important ones for the information society. Knowledge is a result of connecting data and information. It is not entirely clear how data and information
are combined in the cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的process into knowledge,
but it is clear that domain n. 领域；域名；产业；地产 knowledge and domain independent knowledge 37. 38. 39.
build on data and information.
Coming back to the definition of Information Architecture, the first spelling has the emphasis on the word ARCHITECTURE.
Information is the central property n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权 of architecture. 40. 41.
Information ARCHITECTURE then describes information IN architecture and stands for making the invisible visible
in the form of digital adj. 数字的；手指的 information extracted vt. 提取from and applied 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
to physical architecture to better understand and design buildings and cities.
All scientists need data, and all architects need data.
Often, we see the value of data only when we have no access to them. As history is an important aspect of architecture,
historic data are valuable and a precondition n. 前提；先决条件 for many design decisions. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
Future data comes from architecture simulation and design exploration. Looking at architecture, we see the obvious.
But there's more invisible information in architecture than meets the eye. Consider, for example, the past, present, or future temperature of the room you are in, the age of the wooden beams梁 in the ceiling n.
天花板；上限,
52. or the CO2 embedded v. 嵌入in the material and the energy needed to
heat and cool 53.
the space.
54. 55. 56.
内容.
Combining information, experience, and insights n. 洞察力；眼力；深刻见解 can lead to architectural knowledge.
This knowledge is necessary to design new objects and buildings that fulfill certain adj. 某一；必然的；确信；无疑的；有把握的 properties n. 性能；道具，
Knowledge is associated adj. 关联的；联合的 with people. 57. 58. 59.
In this case, with architects.
The design of architecture is built on knowledge.
Knowledge is built on information, and information is derived v. 得到；推断
from data.
Yet there is no straight and automatic adj. 自动的；无意识的；必然的 way 60. 61. 62.
from data to information to knowledge to architecture to cities. To connect them, we use models.
Models in architecture, urban design, and territorial planning
are an abstraction n. 抽象；提取；抽象概念；空想；心不在焉 of the real object, which is functions and behaviors. 63.
Models are also the base for simulation and activity and obstruction n. 障
碍；阻碍；妨碍
. 65. 66. 67. 68.
that includes the important parameter n. 参数；系数；参量of time. When we think of architectural models, we think of physical models. Yet in the context n. 环境；上下文；来龙去脉of information ARCHITECTURE, modeling builds on abstractions of physical architecture
that explicitly adv. 明确地；明白地show the connections between the parts
and the whole.
Simulation in architecture requires the existence n. 存在，实在；生存，生活；存在物，
实在物
69. of a model representing the essential adj. 基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的
characteristics of the proposed adj. 被提议的；所推荐的solution. 70. 71. 72.
Increasingly, the factor of time, and with it,
the dynamic aspects of design proposals n. 建议书become important parts of simulation in architecture.
73. 74. 75.
To conclude, information is a central property of architecture, as it is defined by data and their relation.
At the same time, it is a crucial ingredient n. 原料；要素；组成部分
to build and maintain vt. 维持；继续；维修；主张；供养 architectural knowledge. 76. 77. 78. 79.
With regards to urban design, the realm of data
is expanding v. 扩大，扩展exponentially adv. 以指数方式fast, followed by the amount of derived information which can be used to build design knowledge.
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE - PART 2
1.
GERHARD SCHMITT: Hello, and welcome back to Future Cities.
In this segment n. 段；部分, I will introduce you to Information Architecture
Part Two.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Our second spelling of Information Architecture has the emphasis on the word INFORMATION
INFORMATION Architecture describes metaphors and principles of physical architecture applied to digital data and information to create an architecture of information with the use of data and
information
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
as raw adj. 生的；未加工的；阴冷的；刺痛的；擦掉皮的；无经验的material. This is the architecture OF information. In the internet, INFORMATION Architecture
describes the organization and the labeling n. 标签；标记； of websites, online communities, and intranets n. 企业内部网.
We extend vt. 延伸；扩大；推广；伸出；给予；使竭尽全力；对…估价this definition to
the potential
to organize and structure the entire adj. 全部的，整个的；全体的 information
space.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
The key to these possibilities is the understanding of the architectural metaphor.
The architectural metaphor is an abstraction that is used in various fields.
Think of expressions such as computer architecture, financial
architecture, 18. 19. 20. 21.
security architecture, or political architecture. In each case, the word architecture is meant
to describe a structure and an order, and not the physical construct itself. These expressions and descriptions use the abstract power of
architecture 22.
and apply it to other fields.
Richard Saul Wurman[1] is the person who originally adv. 最初，起初；本来 used the term术语 Information Architecture.
As an architect and graphic adj. 形象的；图表的；绘画似的design, he connected architectural concepts with the abstract world of information to make it better understandable to everyone.
He also invented, by the way, Technology Entertainment n. 娱乐；消遣；款
23. 24. 25. 26.
待and Design conferences n. 会议；讨论；协商；联盟,
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
also known as TED Conference.
Our third and last spelling of Information Architecture places the emphasis on both words, and refers to our final understanding of the concept.
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE describes objects and buildings that are both expressions of information and at the same time use the architectural metaphors of the architectural
object itself to bring structure and order into information.
It is architecture built for data and information gathering, storage, display n. 显示；炫耀, access n. 进入；使用权；通路, and experience. The following are some examples of information architecture. INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE is probably the easiest way
39. 40. 41. 42.
to explain the relation between information and architecture in a practical sense.
There are structures whose only purpose is to collect data.
Those could be telescopes n. [光] 望远镜in the Atacama Desert consisting
of fixed adj. 固执的；<美口>处境...的；准备好的；确定的 and dynamic parts. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
The fixed parts are the outer shells of the building. The dynamic parts follow the instructions given by scientists around the world.
Libraries have the purpose to store, protect, display, and provide access to data and information, mostly in printed form. They have developed over the centuries in all cultures.
They form communal adj. 公共的；公社的and social centers in urban systems. Their status and media content is constantly changing in the society, especially in the digital society.
Yet the enigmatic adj. 神秘的；高深莫测的；谜一般的 connection between architectu
re and information remains n. 残余；遗骸. 52. 53. 54. 55.
It appears unusual that digital companies need physical stores. Yet it has become a successful business model
to build attractive stores selling digital and information technology equipment directly to consumers in prominent adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓
越的locations in the city.
56. 57.
The desire of clients n. 顾客；客户端；委托方to explore the product together with a well trained personnel n. 人事部门；全体人员makes those stores
commercially successful. 58.
Some religious buildings are also good example for INFORMATION
ARCHITECTURE. 59.
The structure is optimized adj. 最佳化的；尽量充分利用for light and sound
impact and in order 60.
to support both contemplation n. 沉思；注视；意图and festive adj. 节日的；喜庆
的；欢乐的celebrations.
61. Strong symmetries对称性and spatial adj. 空间的；存在于空间的；受空间条件的
hierarchies . 阶层，层级；[数] 分层，分类
in planned and spatial realization suggests the analogies n. 类比；类推法 62. 63.
to the organization of the religion.
Walls and windows are additional places to display data and information,
or leave free space for projections n. 预测，推测（projection的复数形式）；[数][测] 投影；
发射，规划；突出部分 or contemplations n. 沉思；意图；凝视.
. 65. 66.
To conclude, INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE is a necessary framework to understand architecture, urban systems, and territories in the future society.
附件1：
理查德·沃尔曼（1935～）建筑师，平面设计师，信息架构(information architecture)术语的创造者，信息易读实践的先驱，TED会议的创立者。
理查德·沃尔曼生于宾夕法尼亚州，在宾夕法尼亚大学获得最高荣誉的建筑硕士，并在波斯顿艺术学院获得荣誉艺术博士。
1976年，在他担任美国建筑师协会会长时创造了“信息架构”术语，用来应对当代社会信息的不断增长和爆炸。他认为，信息需要一个架构，一个系统来合理设计，需要一个系统的设计和标准来衡量。
沃尔曼开发了一系列导游类的畅销书，彩色图文的一目了然，让读者能够快速区分、定位、评价餐厅、博物馆、停车场和其他目的地。这一系列书籍让沃尔曼对信息架构的概念更佳清晰。
他认为，“信息架构”是一种使问题变清晰的方式，强调的是理解而非追求时髦，应该关注理解的重要性。身为信息架构师，身为沟通者，首要职责是让做出来的东西被理解，如果能以艺术的方式为人了解，就更佳完美。换而言之，就是形式追随于表现之后。
在他1990年出版的畅销书《信息焦虑》（information anxiety）中，他全面审视了追求信息的驱动原则。这种原则来自求知欲而非已知事物，来自于无知而非智慧，来自于而非能力。当信息无法告诉你你想要的或者需要知道的东西时，就会产生信息焦虑。信息
（information）这个词最主要的意义就是告知（inform），所以治疗信息焦虑的最好方式就是提供信息架构。
在沃尔曼看来，信息架构师是一群了解文字、图像、数字，并拥有技术来传达信息的人，或许在未来，信息架构师会取代平面设计师这个职业。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容