动词语态

第十二讲：动词语态

动词语态是表示动词主语与动词所表示的动作之间关系的一种动词形式。动词的语态有

两种：主动语态和被动语态，只有及物动词才能用于被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句。例：He wrote the poem.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。例：The poem was written by him.

一、被动语态的构成。

各类时态的被动语态构成规则是：各个时态的be 动词 + 过去分词done。

write 主动 be的各种主动时态 + 过去分词done

一般现在时 write / writesam / is / are written

一般过去时 wrote was / were written

一般将来时 will / shall write will / shall be written

过去将来时 would / should write would / should be written

现在进行时 am / is/ are writing am / is / are being written

过去进行时 was / were writing was / were being written

将来进行时 will / shall be writing ------------------ ---------

现在完成时 have / has written have / has been written

过去完成时 had written had been written

将来完成时 will/shall have written will / shall have been written

现在完成进行时 have / has been writing ------------------------ ---------

情态动词 (can) can write can be written

二、被动语态的基本特征。

1. 强调动作的承受者。动作的执行者一般由by引出。

例：The company is run by Germans. 翻译：

2. 如果动作执行者不明确，不必或不需要说明动作执行者是谁，则可省略by引出的词组。

例：The film will be shown next week.

三、各种时态被动语态的例句。

1. 一般现在时。 这些书常被女孩子借掉。

These books are often borrowed by girls.

2. 一般过去时。 这房子建于1950年。

3. 一般将来时。 4. 现在进行时。 5. 过去进行时。 6. 现在完成时。 7. 过去完成时。 The house was built in 1950.

上海将建造许多超市。

Many supermarkets will be built in Shanghai.

在我们学校旁正建造一所医院。

A hospital is being built near our school.

昨天这个时候正在开运动会。

The sports meeting was being held this time yesterday.

这些信已经被寄了出去。

These letters have been posted.

到去年年底已经造了三座桥。

Three bridges had been built by the end of last year.

8. 将来完成时。 到明年年底将造三座桥。

Three bridges will have been built by the end of next year.

9. 情态动词。 这个实验必须按时完成 / 应该按时完成。

The experiment must be finished / ought to be finished on time.

四、几种特殊类型的被动语态。

1. 主语+动词短语+宾语的被动语态。

动词短语如果是及物动词也可以用于被动语态。

例：She takes good care of the children. → The children are taken good care of.

注意：主动语态中含有短语动词，在转换时应将短语动词视为一个整体，不能遗漏相

关的副词和介词。

例：Her aunt brought up her. → She was brought up by her aunt.

操练：(1) Somebody broke into the bank last night. →

(2) We must make up for lost time. →

2. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语的被动语态。

这类句型变被动语态有两种：①将直接宾语提前做主语，②将间接宾语提前做主语。

例：I give him a pen. → He is given a pen.

I give a pen to him. → A pen is given to him.

操练：I gave him a book. →

I gave a book to him. →

3. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补的被动语态。

这种句型的被动语态将宾语变成主语，宾补保持不变，成分由宾补变成主补。

例：I saw a stranger going upstairs. → A stranger was seen going upstairs.

主 谓 宾语 现在分词作宾补 主语 谓语 现在分词作主补

操练：I saw him cleaning the classroom. →

分析成分：

4. 主动语态中let，make，have，see，watch，hear 等使役动词或感观动词后面跟不带to的不定式做宾补，在变成被动语态时to要还原。

背诵：make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.

let sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.

have sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.

see sb. do sth. sb. be seen to do sth.

hear sb. do sth. sb. be heard to do sth.

watch sb. do sth. sb. be watched to do sth.

注意：get sb. to do sth. (不省略to) 让某人做某事

例：(1) She made me post the letter. → I was made to post the letter.

分析句子成分：

(2) I heard her sing a song. → She was heard to sing a song.

分析句子成分：

注意：一般来说，let sb. do sth.和have sb. do sth.的被动语态多用make代替。

操练：(1) I saw a stranger go upstairs. →

分析句子成分：

(2) They make him leave at once. →

分析句子成分：

5. 带宾语从句的句子改成被动语态的两个句型。

① 宾语从句的主语 + be + 主句谓语的过去分词 + 不定式to do 结构的适当形式。

② It + be + 主句谓语的过去分词 + that + 原宾语从句。

例：People say she knows five languages.

分析句子成分：

被动语态：① She is said to know five languages.

② It is said that she knows five languages.

翻译：

操练：We believe the book has been translated into English.

分析句子成分：

提示：动词不定式要根据原句中采用不同的形式，即可采用一般式to do，完成式to have done，进行式to be doing等。

被动语态：①

②

翻译：

注意：1) 常用于这类结构的动词有：say，believe，report，announce，suppose，know，consider，hope，declare，think，rumour，prove，judge，feel，expect，estimate，claim，assume。

2) 常用的表达句型有：

据说 It is said that sb…. = sb. be said to do…

希望 It is hoped that sb. … = sb. be hoped to do…

据推测说 It is supposed that sb. … = sb. be supposed to do

有人相信 It is believed that… = sb. be believe to do…

众所周知 It is well known that sb… = sb be well known to do…

必须承认 It must be admitted that…

必须指出 It must be pointed out that…

操练：1) 据说他将要离开这里前往美国。

翻译：_________________________________________

= _________________________________________

2) 据说他已经去过美国两次。

翻译：_________________________________________

= __________________________________________

3) 有人相信他是一个老师。

翻译：_________________________________________

= __________________________________________

五、被动语态和系表结构的区别。

①被动语态表示动作，系表结构表示主语的特点和所处的状态，过去分词相当于形容词；②被动语态有多种时态，而系表结构只有一般和完成时态；

③被动语态后面可以跟有by短语，而系表结构则不可以。

试比较：

系表结构 被动语态

The window is broken. The window was broken by Tom.

窗子是破的。 (状态) 窗子是由Tom打破的。(动作)

The shop is closed now. The shop was closed at 8 p.m.

商店现在打烊了。(状态) 商店在晚上八点关门。 (动作)

This picture is well drawn. This picture was drawn by Mary.

这幅画画得很好。(状态) 这幅画是由Mary画的。(动作)

My pen is lost. My pen was lost yesterday.

我的钢笔丢了。 (状态) 我的钢笔昨天丢了。 (动作)

注意：1) 用作表语的过去分词主要有：closed，crowded，broken，lost，known，done， surprised。

2) open 可用作及物动词，不及物动词和形容词，区别如下：

① open 做及物动词，后跟宾语，有被动语态，表示打开，开始，开店。

例：(1) She opened the window to let me in.

(2) She is going to open a restaurant.

(3) The conference was open on April 16 and closed on May 12.

② open 做不及物动词，不跟宾语，没有被动语态，表示开学，开幕，开门。

例：(1) All the school will open on September 1.

(2) The fair was to open on June, 5.

(3) When does the shop open?

(4) The hospital opened in 1960.

③ open 做形容词，表示开着，睁大的，

例：(1) The child often left the door open.

(2) She looked at me with open eyes.

注意对比open作为不及物动词和形容词的区别：

例：(1) The shop does not open till 9:00. (动作) (不及物动词)

翻译：

(形容词)

物动词)

翻译：

容词)

The shop is open from 9 a.m. to 翻译：

注意： The shop opens from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. (2) The bank doesn’t open on May Day. The bank isn’t open yet. 翻译：

注意： The bank is not opened yet. 7 p.m. (W)

(动作) (状态) (W)

(状态) (不及 (形

(3) The flowers are all opening. (动作) (不及物动词)

翻译：

The flower are all open. (状态) (形容词)

翻译：

注意： The flowers are all opened (W)

(4) The gate of the park stand open all day. (状态) (形容词)

翻译：

注意： The gate of the park stand opened all day. (W)

六、主动表示被动的几种结构。

1. 某些表示感官的系动词通常不用被动语态，这些系动词有：feel，look，smell，sound，taste， sound。

例：(1) The dish tastes delicious.

(2) The water feels very cold.

2. 有些动词play，read，sell，wash，write，clean，eat，cut，cook，burn，draw，wear 常用主动形式表示被动含义，并经常与well， easily 等副词连用。

例：(1) The cloth washes / sells well. 这布料好洗。/ 这布料销路好。

(2) The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。

(3) The third act plays well. 第三幕演得好。

(4) The T-shirt sells for ten yuan. 这件T恤售价10元。

(5) The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很滑。

(6) This pair of glasses wears comfortably. 这幅眼镜戴起来很舒服。

3. 某些不及物动词act，keep，lock，move，open，shut，start与can’t，won’t，doesn’t等连用时，也用主动表示被动。

例：(1) The play won’t act. 这戏不宜上映。

(2) The meat won’t keep long in hot weather. 肉在热天保存时间不长。

(3) The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。

(4) The car won’t start. 这车发动不了。

(5) The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 图书馆周日不开门。

4. 非谓语动词结构中的主动形式表示被动含义。

1) 动词want，need，require后面用动名词主动表示被动，或者用不定式的被动结构。

句型：sth. /sb. need/ require / want doing / to be done某事需要做一下(need是实意动词)

例：(1) The children need looking after. (动名词主动表被动)

= The children need to be looked after. (不定式被动)

(2) The washing machine wants repairing.

= _____________________________________________.

(3) The old man requires to be taken care of.

= _____________________________________________.

(4) 这件房间需要粉刷。 (paint)

_____________________________________________.

= ______________________________________________.

2) 动词deserve后面用动名词的主动形式，表示被动含义。

句型：sth. / sb. deserve doing / to be done 某事应该做一下 (动名词主动表被动)

例：The points deserves mentioning. 翻译：

操练：这个孩子值得表扬。 翻译：

3) 形容词worth后直接用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。

句型：sth. be worth doing (动名词主动表被动) 某事值得做一下

= sth. be worthy of being done (动名词被动形式)

= sth. be worthy to be done (不定式被动形式)

= It is worthwhile to do sth.

例：这本书值得看两遍。

4) 不定式在某些形容词后(difficult，easy，hard，comfortable，pleasant，fit，

unfit，light，heavy，good，safe，dangerous)做状语，而且不定式和句子的主语构成逻辑的动宾关系，此时动词不定式用主动表示被动，通常认为在形容词后省略了逻辑主语for sb。

例：(1)The book is difficult to understand.=The book is difficult for me to understand.

分析句子成分： 翻译：

(2) He is easy to get along with. = He is easy for people to get along with.

分析句子成分： 翻译：

(3) The water is not fit to drink. = The water is not fit for people to drink.

分析句子成分： 翻译：

5) 不定式做名词的后置定语时，与被修饰的名词构成逻辑的动宾关系，但又和该句的主语构成逻辑的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式表示被动含义。这种句型的谓语动词通常是have，want等。

例：(1) He has a lot of work to do this evening.

分析句子成分：

(2) I want something to read.

6) 在there be 句型中修饰主语的动词不定式常用主动形式表示被动含义。

例：There are many things to do.

分析句子成分：

7) 不定式to let (出租)，to blame (应该受到责备)

例：(1) The car is to let. 汽车出租。

(2) He is to blame. 他应该受到责备。

注意：在非谓语动词主动形式表示被动含义中，第(1)，(2)，(3)点要求重点掌握，而第(4)，(5)，(6)，(7)点理解起来相当困难，不妨背诵黑体的句子以帮助理解。

七、没有被动语态的几种情况。

1. 不及物动词或词组没有被动语态：happen， occur， take place， break out， consist of，belong to，rise，die，appear，disappear，agree with，keep up with，keep words，lose heart 等。

例：(1) The book belongs to me.

(2) The club consists of 40 boy students.

注意：(1) consist of = be made up of = be composed of 由…组成，其中只有consist of 没

有被动语态

(2) rise是不及物动词，没有被动语态，而raise是及物动词，有被动语态。

例：(1) They raised the price again. raise：及物动词，跟宾语，有被动语态 翻译：

(2) The prices rose again. rise：不及物动词，不跟宾语，无被动 翻译：

2. 表示状态的动词、连系动词和表示度量衡的动词没有被动语态，主要有：fit，suit，hold (容纳)，contaian，lack (缺乏)，cost，have，last，mean，equal，look like，become，prove，wear，have…on，benefit，lie，fail，measure，weigh等。

例：(1) The new theatre can hold 200 people.

(2) The book cost me 20 yuan.

(3) A horse appeared in the distance.

(4) The parcel weighed two kilograms.

3. 带反身代词做宾语的动词没有被动语态。

例：(1) The boy is teaching himself English.

(2) He asked himself the same question repeatedly.

4. 带相互代词做宾语的动词没有被动语态。

例：They always help each other.

5. 带有同源宾语的动词没有被动语态。

例：(1) The old man lived a happy life there.

(2) I dreamt a strange dream yesterday.

6. 动词leave，enter，reach等的宾语是表示场所，地点 (国家，团体，组织，等)。